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Tables of Contents for Criminalistics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
35
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science
1
2
History and Development of Forensic Science
3
5
The Organization of a Crime Laboratory
8
2
Services of the Crime Laboratory
10
4
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist
14
6
Other Forensic Science Services
20
4
Review Questions
24
2
Further References
26
1
Case Reading
26
10
CHAPTER 2 THE CRIME SCENE
36
30
Processing the Crime Scene
36
17
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene
53
2
Review Questions
55
1
Further References
56
1
Case Reading
57
9
CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
66
31
Common Types of Physical Evidence
66
2
The Significance of Physical Evidence
68
12
Review Questions
80
1
Further References
81
1
Case Reading
81
16
CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: GLASS AND SOIL
97
32
The Metric System
98
2
Physical Properties
100
9
Comparing Glass Fragments
109
6
Glass Fractures
115
4
Collection and Preservations of Glass Evidence
119
2
Forensic Characteristics of Soil
121
4
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence
125
1
Review Questions
126
1
Further References
126
3
CHAPTER 5 ORGANIC ANALYSIS
129
35
Elements and Compounds
129
4
Selecting an Analytical Technique
133
2
Chromatography
135
12
Spectrophotometry
147
8
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
155
5
Review Questions
160
2
Further References
162
2
CHAPTER 6 INORGANIC ANALYSIS
164
19
Introduction
164
3
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy
167
1
The Emission Spectrum of Elements
168
3
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
171
2
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra
173
3
Neutron Activation Analysis
176
3
X-Ray Diffraction
179
2
Review Questions
181
1
Further References
182
1
CHAPTER 7 THE MICROSCOPE
183
28
The Compound Microscope
184
4
The Comparison Microscope
188
2
The Stereoscopic Microscope
190
1
The Polarizing Microscope
191
2
The Microspectrophotometer
193
2
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
195
4
Review Question
199
2
Further References
201
1
Case Reading
202
9
CHAPTER 8 HAIRS, FIBERS, AND PAINT
211
42
Morphology of Hair
211
4
Identification and Comparison of Hair
215
6
Collection of Hair Evidence
221
1
Types of Fibers
221
7
Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers
228
10
Collection of Fiber Evidence
238
1
Forensic Examination of Paint
239
9
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence
248
1
Review Question
249
2
Further References
251
2
CHAPTER 9 DRUGS
253
36
Drug Dependence
254
4
Narcotic Drugs
258
3
Hallucinogens
261
6
Depressants
267
2
Stimulants
269
4
Anabolic Steroids
273
1
Drug-Control Laws
273
5
Drug Identification
278
7
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence
285
1
Review Questions
285
3
Further References
288
1
CHAPTER 10 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
289
37
Toxicology of Alcohol
290
21
The Role of the Toxicologist
311
2
Techniques Used in Toxicology Findings
313
5
The Significance of Toxicological Findings
318
1
The Drug Recognition Expert
319
3
Review Question
322
3
Further References
325
1
CHAPTER 11 FORENSIC ASPECTS OF ARSON AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS
326
35
The Chemistry of Fire
327
7
Searching the Fire Scene
334
3
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence
337
2
Analysis of Flammable Residues
339
4
Types of Explosives
343
7
Collection and Analysis of Explosives
350
7
Review Questions
357
3
Further References
360
1
CHAPTER 12 FORENSIC SEROLOGY
361
41
The Nature of Blood
363
6
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains
369
10
Stain Patterns of Blood
379
2
Preservation of Blood Evidence
381
5
Principles of Heredity
386
3
Forensic Characterization of Semen
389
4
Collection of Rape Evidence
393
5
Review Questions
398
2
Further References
400
2
CHAPTER 13 DNA: A NEW FORENSIC SCIENCE TOOL
402
35
What Is DNA?
403
2
DNA at Work
406
2
Replication of DNA
408
2
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA
410
2
DNA Typing
412
17
The Combined DNA Index System
429
52
Review Questions
481
Further References
433
1
Case Readings
433
4
CHAPTER 14 FINGERPRINTS
437
29
History of Fingerprinting
437
3
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints
440
6
Classification of Fingerprints
446
2
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
448
2
Methods of Detecting Fingerprint
450
8
Preservation of Developed Prints
458
2
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement
460
3
Review Questions
463
2
Further References
465
1
CHAPTER 15 FIREARMS, TOOL MARKS AND OTHER IMPRESSIONS
466
36
Bullet Comparisons
467
8
Cartridge Cases
475
1
Automated Firearm Search Systems
475
3
Gunpowder Residues
478
5
Primer Residues on the Hands
483
3
Serial Number Restoration
486
1
Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence
487
3
Tool Marks
490
2
Other Impressions
492
7
Review Questions
499
2
Further References
501
1
CHAPTER 16 DOCUMENT AND VOICE EXAMINATION
502
25
Handwriting Comparisons
503
3
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars
506
2
Typewriting Comparisons
508
2
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations
510
3
Other Document Problems
513
5
Voice Examination
518
7
Review Questions
525
1
Further References
526
1
CHAPTER 17 FORENSIC SCIENCE ON THE INTERNET
527
15
What Is the Internet?
528
1
Where to Go on the Internet
529
7
Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW
536
1
Web Sites You May Wish to Explore
536
5
Review Questions
541
1
Further References
541
1
CHAPTER 18 THE FUTURE
542
8
Further References
549
1
CASE READING
550
38
GLOSSARY
588
9
APPENDICES
597
27
I Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence
598
14
II Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR)
612
2
III FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence
614
1
IV Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained Within the Text
615
1
V Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development
616
5
VI Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood
621
3
ANSWERS
624
5
INDEX
629