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Tables of Contents for Behavior Management
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART I Understanding and Assessing Behavior
1
186
Chapter 1 Foundations for Understanding and Managing Behavior
2
38
Basic Concepts of Behavior and Behavior Management
3
10
Behavior
3
1
Antecedents
4
1
Consequences
5
1
Stimuli
6
1
Responses
7
1
Reinforcement
7
1
Punishment
8
1
Prompts and Cues
8
5
Basic Assumptions of Behavior and Behavior Management
13
3
Most Behaviors Are Learned
14
1
Most Behaviors Are Stimulus-Specific
14
1
Most Behaviors Can Be Taught, Changed, or Modified
14
1
Behavior Change Goals Should Be Specific and Clearly Defined
14
1
Behavior Change Programs Should Be Individualized
15
1
Behavior Change Programs Should Focus on the Here and Now
15
1
Behavior Change Programs Should Focus on the Child's Environment
15
1
Myths and Misconceptions About Behavior and Behavior Management
16
4
Myth: Changing Another Person's Behavior Is Coercive
17
1
Myth: The Use of Reinforcement to Change Behavior Is a Form of Bribery
18
1
Myth: Children Will Learn to Behave Appropriately Only for Reinforcement
19
1
Myth: Children Should "Work" for Intrinsic Reinforcers
19
1
Myth: All Children Should Be Treated in the Same Way
19
1
History and Foundations of Current Behavior Analysis and Management
20
13
Classical Conditioning
20
3
Operant Conditioning
23
5
Social Learning Theory
28
1
Behavior Therapy
28
3
Applied Behavior Analysis
31
2
Summary
33
2
Discussion Questions
35
1
References
36
4
Chapter 2 Formal Behavioral Assessment
40
40
Common Features of Behavioral Assessment
41
2
Assessment for Intervention Planning: A Seven-Step Model
43
30
Step 1: Decide If a Problem Exists
43
12
Data Collection Methods for Step 1
45
10
Step 2: Determine If Intervention Is Warranted
55
8
Data Collection Methods for Step 2
56
7
Step 3: Determine If Medical and/or Psychological Reasons Exist That Contribute to the Problem Behavior
63
18
Data Collection Methods for Step 3
64
9
Summary
73
1
Discussion Questions
74
1
References
74
6
Chapter 3 Data Collection Techniques
80
44
Target Behaviors
81
6
Defining Target Behaviors
82
1
Establishing Behavioral Objectives
83
2
Naturalistic Observation
85
1
Anecdotal Observation: The ABC Analysis
85
2
Assessment Interviews
87
1
Dimensions of Behavior
87
4
Frequency
88
1
Duration
88
1
Rate
89
1
Latency
90
1
Intensity or Magnitude
91
1
Measurement of Behavior
91
8
Frequency Recording/ Event Recording
92
1
Duration Recording
93
1
Interval Recording
93
4
Time Sampling
97
2
Accuracy of Behavioral Observation and Measures
99
5
Reactivity
99
1
Observer Drift
99
1
The Recording Procedure
100
1
Location of the Observation
100
1
Observer Expectancy
100
1
Characteristics of Subjects, Observers, and Settings
101
1
Personal Values and Bias
101
1
Data Collection Aids
102
2
Reliability of Observations
104
3
Reliability of Frequency Counts
104
1
Reliability of Duration and Latency Measures
105
1
Reliability of Interval Recording and Time Sampling
105
2
Recording Observations
107
3
Permanent Product Recording
107
1
Data Collection Forms
108
1
Coding Systems
109
1
Displaying Observational Data
110
10
Line Graphs
110
1
Cumulative Graphs
111
1
Bar Graphs
112
1
Baseline and Intervention Methods
113
7
Summary
120
1
Discussion Questions
121
1
References
122
2
Chapter 4 Single-Subject Designs
124
26
The Purpose of Single-Subject Designs
125
3
Baseline and Intervention Conditions
127
1
Types of Single-Subject Designs
128
19
The A-B Design
128
3
The A-B-A Design
131
3
The A-B-A-B Design
134
1
The Alternating Treatments Design
134
4
The Changing Criterion Design
138
1
Multiple-Baseline Designs
139
8
Summary
147
1
Discussion Questions
148
1
References
148
2
Chapter 5 Curriculum-Based Assessment: The Relationship Between Classroom Curriculum and Student Behavior
150
22
What Is Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA)?
151
4
Variations and Similarities
152
3
Curriculum Probes: Assessing a Student's Entering Skills
155
7
Developing Probes
156
1
Examples of Probes
157
1
Who Administers Probes?
158
1
When Are Probes Administered?
159
1
Where Are Probes Administered?
159
1
Recording Progress: Growth-Over-Time Charts
160
1
Probes and Student Errors
160
1
The Value of Student Errors
160
2
Error Analysis
162
2
Classroom Behavior and CBA
164
3
Behavior Problems as Signs of Academic Problems
165
1
Controlling Instructional Difficulty
165
2
CBA and Exceptional Students
167
1
Summary
168
1
Discussion Questions
169
1
References
170
2
Chapter 6 Functional Behavioral Assessment
172
15
What Is a Functional Assessment?
174
1
History of Functional Assessment
175
1
Behaviors Never Occur in Isolation
175
1
Information Derived from a Functional Assessment
175
3
Identify the Target Behavior
176
1
Identify the Setting Events
176
2
Critical Determinations
178
4
What Purpose Does the Behavior Serve?
178
1
No Universal Reinforcers of Punishers
179
1
Student-Directed Interviews
179
3
Disruptive Behavior: Is It Always Inappropriate?
182
1
Purposeful Behavior
182
1
Behaviors' Payoffs
183
1
Summary
183
1
Discussion Questions
184
1
References
184
3
PART II Positive Supports for Increasing Behavior
187
80
Chapter 7 Establishing a Reinforcement Program
188
38
Reinforcement
189
7
Definition
189
2
Positive Reinforcement
191
1
Negative Reinforcement
191
1
Types of Reinforcers
192
2
Identifying Reinforcers
194
2
Establishing a Reinforcement Program
196
3
Establishing Clear Rules and Guidelines
196
1
Setting the Example
197
1
The Delivery of Reinforcers
197
2
Schedules of Reinforcement
199
4
Ratio Reinforcement Schedules
199
2
Interval Reinforcement Schedules
201
2
Shaping and Chaining New Behaviors
203
4
Shaping
203
2
Chaining
205
2
Token Economy Reinforcement Programs
207
4
Characteristics of Tokens
208
1
Establishing a Token Economy Program
208
3
Contingency Contracting
211
2
Advantages of Contracts
212
1
Generalization
213
4
Stimulus Generalization
213
2
Response Generalization
215
1
Promoting Generalization of Behavior Change
216
1
Maintenance
217
1
Promoting the Maintenance of Behavior Change
218
1
Summary
218
2
Discussion Questions
220
1
References
220
6
Chapter 8 Cognitive Behavior Modification
226
41
What Is Cognitive Behavior Modification?
227
2
The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Modification
229
2
Trends in Behavioral Psychology
229
1
Trends in Cognitive Psychology
230
1
The Procedures of Cognitive Behavior Modification
231
28
Self-Instructional Training
231
5
Self-Management Training
236
10
Problem-Solving Training
246
4
Anger-Control Training
250
6
Alternate Response Training
256
1
Attribution Retraining
257
2
Development and Generalization of CBM Programs
259
2
Summary
261
1
Discussion Questions
261
1
References
261
6
PART III Understanding and Managing Challenging Behaviors
267
134
Chapter 9 Behavior Reduction Strategies
268
61
Terminology
269
2
Appropriate Terminology for Challenging Behavior
270
1
Is There Really a Problem?
270
1
Differential Reinforcement of Behavior
271
8
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors
271
3
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
274
1
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors
275
1
Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior
276
1
Differential Reinforcement of Higher Rates of Behavior
277
2
Preventive Strategies
279
10
Interrupting the Behavior Chain
280
2
Preventive Strategies for School
282
3
Preventive Strategies for the Classroom
285
4
General Behavior Reduction Guidelines
289
3
The Fair Pair Rule
289
1
Be Consistent
289
1
Avoid Reinforcing Inappropriate Behavior
289
1
Consequences for Inappropriate Behavior
290
1
Deal with Inappropriate Behavior Immediately
290
1
Avoid Ineffective Procedures 291
Restrictiveness and Social Acceptability
291
1
Establishing Safeguards and Program Review Procedures
292
2
Program Review and Human Rights Committees
293
1
Specific Behavior Reduction Strategies
294
22
Review Environmental Influence
294
1
Extinction
294
5
Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement
299
7
Response Cost
306
3
Restitution, Positive Practice, and Overcorrection
309
4
Medications
313
3
Physical Restraint
316
1
Corporal Punishment
317
2
Summary
319
1
Discussion Questions
320
1
References
321
8
Chapter 10 Specific Behavior Challenges
329
49
Disruptive Behavior
332
3
Common Causes and Antecedents of Disruptive Behavior
332
2
Effective Interventions for Disruptive Behavior
334
1
Noncompliance
335
5
Common Causes and Antecedents of Noncompliance
336
2
Interventions for Noncompliant Behavior
338
2
Impulsivity
340
3
Common Causes and Antecedents of Noncompliance
336
2
Interventions for Noncompliant Behavior
338
5
Inattention
343
2
Common Causes and Antecedents for Inattention
344
1
Effective Interventions for Inattention
344
1
Hyperactivity
345
4
Common Causes and Antecedents for Hyperactive Behavior
346
2
Effective Interventions for Hyperactivity
348
1
Aggressive Behavior
349
10
Target Behaviors Involving Physical Aggression
350
1
Target Behaviors Involving Verbal Aggression
350
1
Patterns of Aggression
351
1
Stages of Aggressive Behavior
352
1
Common Causes and Antecedents for Aggressive Behavior
352
4
Effective Interventions for Aggression
356
3
Temper Tantrums
359
2
Common Causes and Antecedents for Tantrum Behavior
359
1
Interventions for Tantrum Behavior
360
1
Stereotypy
361
4
Common Causes and Antecedents for Stereotypic Behavior
362
2
Interventions for Stereotypic Behavior
364
1
Depression
365
3
Common Causes and Antecedents for Depression
366
2
Interventions for Depression
368
1
Summary
368
2
Discussion Questions
370
1
References
370
8
Chapter 11 Disciplining Students: Legal Issues for Schools
378
23
Teacher's Duty to Enforce Discipline
380
1
Student's Due Process Protections
380
4
Procedural Due Process: The Right to Fair Procedures
381
2
Substantive Due Process: The Right to Reasonableness
383
1
Summary of Due Process Protections and Discipline
384
1
Disciplining Students with Disabilities
385
6
Disciplinary Provisions of IDEA '97
386
2
The Manifestation Determination
388
1
The Interim Alternative Educational Setting
389
1
Proactively Addressing Behavior Problems of Students with Disabilities
390
1
Summary of Disciplining Students with Disabilities
391
1
Schoolwide Discipline
391
3
Developing Schoolwide Discipline Policies
392
1
Rules and Consequences
392
1
Programming for Students with Serious Behavior Problems
393
1
Implications for Teachers and Administrators
394
3
Developing School District Disciplinary Policies and Procedures
394
3
Summary
397
1
Discussion Questions
397
1
References
398
3
PART IV Special Considerations for Special Populations
401
Chapter 12 Issues in Early Childhood Behavior
402
40
Environmental Influences on Young Children's Behavior
404
7
Poverty
405
1
Single-Parent Families
406
1
Low Birth Weight Babies
406
1
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
407
1
Lead Poisoning
407
1
Child Maltreatment
408
3
The Efficacy of Early Intervention
411
4
Variables Associated with Effective Early Intervention
414
1
Understanding the Behavior of Young Children
415
2
Appropriate Caregiving for Young Children
417
8
Establishing a Caring and Loving Environment
417
8
Variables Associated with Appropriate Behavior in Young Children
425
2
Supervision
425
1
Consistency
425
1
Readiness Skills
426
1
Environmental Considerations
426
1
The Educational Setting for Young Children
427
7
Social Density
427
1
Physical Layout
427
2
Appropriate Use of Materials
429
1
Effective Scheduling
429
1
Transitions
430
1
Staffing Qualifications and Ratios
430
4
Parent-Teacher Relationships
434
1
Summary
435
1
Discussion Questions
436
1
References
437
5
Chapter 13 Adolescent Behavior: Understanding Influences and Modifying Outcomes
442
28
Understanding the Changing Behavior of Adolescents
444
14
Physical Changes
445
2
Cognitive Changes
447
2
Social and Relational Changes
449
4
Contextual Changes
453
1
Cumulative Effect of Changes
453
1
Predicting Positive Outcomes for Adolescents
454
1
Internal Assets
454
1
External Assets
455
1
Avoiding Developmental Deficits
456
2
Behavioral Interventions for Adolescent Populations
458
2
Resistance and Refusal Skills
459
1
Social Skills Training
459
1
Issues Particular to Behavioral Interventions with Adolescents
460
4
Is It Ever Too Late to Intervene?
460
1
Who Should Lead the Intervention-Teachers or Peers?
461
1
Could Interventions Ever Have Unintended Harmful Effects?
462
1
How Can We Run Interventions and Cover Required Course Material?
463
1
Summary
464
1
Discussion Questions
464
1
References
465
5
Chapter 14 Cultural Influences on Behavior
470
A Definition of Terms
473
2
Worldview
475
2
African Americans
477
8
Demographics
477
2
Cultural Influences on Behavior
479
3
Recommendations for Schools and Teachers
482
3
Hispanics/Latinos
485
7
Demographics
485
2
Cultural Influences on Behavior
487
3
Recommendations for Schools and Teachers
490
2
Asian (Pacific) Americans
492
9
Demographics
492
1
Chinese
493
1
Japanese
494
1
Koreans
494
1
Southeast Asians
494
1
Cultural Influences on Behavior (East Asia: China, Japan, Korea)
495
3
Cultural Influences on Behavior (Southeast Asia)
498
1
Recommendations for Schools and Teachers
499
2
American Indian/Alaskan Native
501
6
Demographics
501
1
Cultural Influences on Behavior
502
4
Recommendations for Schools and Teachers
506
1
Diverse Learners
507
1
Integrating a Multicultural Approach in the Classroom
508
3
Exploring Your Cultural Identity and Bias
511
1
Internet for the Diverse Classroom
511
2
Summary
513
2
Discussion Questions
515
1
References
515
4
Name Index
519
10
Subject Index
529