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Tables of Contents for Community Policing and Problem Solving
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
2
About the Authors
xix
2
Introduction by Herman Goldstein
xxi
Chapter 1 The Evolution of Policing: Past Wisdom and Future Directions
1
27
Introduction
1
1
Peel's Early Contributions
2
2
Policing Comes to America
4
11
Early Beginings
4
4
Movement toward Reform
8
2
The Professional Crime Fighter
10
5
The Changing Wisdom of Policing
15
4
More Recent Studies of Police Work
15
1
Viewing "Sacred Cow" Police Methods with Caution
16
2
Time for a New Approach
18
1
The Community Problem Solving Era
19
5
Team Policing, Foot Patrol, and Shattered Myths
19
1
Principles of the New Model
20
1
Why the Emergence of Community Problem Solving?
21
1
Police, Minorities, and Problem Solving
22
2
SUMMARY
24
1
NOTES
25
3
Chapter 2 A Nation in Flux: Changing People, Crime, and Policing
28
21
Introduction
28
1
The Changing Face of America
29
4
Demographics and Jobs: A Bifurcated Society
29
1
The "Graying" of America: Implications and Concerns
30
3
The Changing Nature of Crime
33
8
A Transition to Violence
33
2
Three Important "Drivers" for Crime
35
1
The Pains of Youth: Juvenile Offenders and Victims
35
2
Fear of Crime
37
3
The Illusion of Punishment as a Deterrent
40
1
Can Communities Repair Deterioration?
41
1
Can the Police "Hold the Line"?
42
2
Lofty Challenges
42
1
Shortcoming of the Traditional Policing System
43
1
Attacking Violence
44
2
SUMMARY
46
1
NOTES
46
3
Chapter 3 Attending to the "Customer": Community Oriented Government
49
25
Introduction
49
1
Citizens as Clients and Customers
50
5
Individualism Versus Clienthood
50
1
Communitarianism and Volunteerism
51
2
Government's Response
53
2
Improving Customer Service: Total Quality Management
55
6
Definition and Rationalization
55
4
Principal Elements
59
1
The Deming Cycle
60
1
Use of Surveys
61
2
Criminal Justice: Organizations in Need of Attention
63
3
Wanted: A Different "M.O."
63
1
Rewarding Failure
64
1
"Rowing," Not "Steering"
64
1
Borrowing Ideas from Business
65
1
Communities as Criminal Justice Partners
66
6
A Systems Approach
66
1
Prosecution
66
1
Defense
67
1
Courts
67
1
Corrections
68
1
Some Illustrations of Customer-Oriented Government
69
2
Closure
71
1
SUMMARY
72
1
NOTES
72
2
Chapter 4 Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving: "COPPS"
74
41
Introduction
74
1
Community Policing
75
8
Invoking the Berlin Wall
75
1
Building Partnerships: Organizing the Community
76
2
Basic Principles
78
1
Differences between Community Policing and Traditional Policing
79
2
Community Policing versus Earlier Attempts at Community Engagement
81
2
Problem Oriented Policing
83
14
Early Beginnings
83
2
Basic Principles
85
1
A Broader Role for the Street Officer
86
1
Testing Problem Oriented Policing
87
1
"S.A.R.A.": The Problem Solving Process
88
9
A Collaborative Approach: "COPPS"
97
3
Basic Principles
97
1
A Definition and Illustration
98
2
The Street Officer as Criminologist
100
7
Crime Analysis
102
2
Police Reports
104
1
Calls for Service Analysis
104
1
Crime Mapping
105
1
Surveys
105
2
Focusing on Crime Prevention
107
4
Definition and Rationale
107
1
Situational Prevention
107
3
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
110
1
SUMMARY
111
1
NOTES
111
4
Chapter 5 Planning and Implementation: Translating Ideas into Action
115
26
Introduction
115
1
Strategic Management of Police Resources
116
3
Managing the Business of Policing
116
1
From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management
117
1
Strategic Management Is Not...
118
1
Assessing Needs and Developing a Plan
119
4
Environmental Scanning
120
1
Who Participates in Planning?
120
1
The Planning Document: A Guide for Implementation
121
2
Implementing Community Policing and Problem Solving
123
14
Departmentwide versus Experimental District
123
1
Principal Components of Successful Implementation
124
9
General Obstacles
133
4
Ten Ways to Undermine COPPS
137
2
SUMMARY
139
1
NOTES
140
1
Chapter 6 From Recruit to Chief: Changing the Culture in the Department
141
32
Introduction
141
1
Change in Organizations
142
2
Requirements for Planned Change
144
2
Radical versus Gradual Change
144
1
Avoiding the "Bombshell" Technique
145
1
Changing Organizational Values
145
1
The Prevailing Police Culture
146
4
Debilitating Beliefs
146
3
"We're Too Busy to Change"
149
1
Ye Olde Management Style
150
2
The Influence of Police Reform
150
1
How It Can Be Changed
151
1
Role of Key Leaders
152
9
The Chief Executive as Change Agent
152
2
Middle Managers
154
1
First-Line Supervisors
155
6
Role of the Rank-and -File Officers
161
6
Change Begins with Recruitment
161
4
Ownership and a "Prescription for Change"
165
2
Case Studies
167
3
Hayward, California
167
1
Temple, Arizona
168
2
SUMMARY
170
1
NOTES
170
3
Chapter 7 Training for COPPS: Approaches and Challenges
173
Introduction
173
1
Obstacles to Training
174
1
Resistance to Change and the Need for Lifelong Learning
174
1
Training Needs Assessment
175
1
Determining Training Needs
175
1
From the Beginning: Methods of Imparting Knowledge
175
6
The Recruit Academy
176
2
Field Training Officers
178
1
In-Service
179
1
Roll Call
179
1
Specialized Training
180
1
Instructional Methods and Materials
181
1
The Training Program
182
16
Purpose, Objectives, Components
182
11
Other Considerations
193
5
Sample Training Programs
198
9
Savannah, Georgia
198
3
The State of Wisconsin
201
5
New York City
206
1
SUMMARY
207
1
NOTES
208
2
Chapter 8 Managing Diversity: Building New Bridges
210
25
Introduction
210
1
A Culturally Diverse Society
211
2
Police and Minorities: A History of Conflict
213
4
Changing Laws and Civil Unrest
213
2
The People v.O.J. Simpson: A Legacy
215
1
Police-Public Views toward Each Other
215
2
Is the Justice System Racist?
217
5
Minority Involvement with the System
217
1
A Source of Tensions: Police Field Tactics
218
2
RAND Findings
220
2
Can Police-Minority Relations Be Repaired?
222
1
Complicating Factors, Possible Solutions
222
1
What COPPS Can Do
223
3
Confronting the Issues
224
1
Understanding Cultural Customs, Differences, Problems
224
2
Real-World Challenges: Scenarios
226
2
Developing a Diverse Police Department
228
1
Recommendations for Police Leadership
229
2
SUMMARY
231
1
NOTES
232
3
Chapter 9 New Strategies for Old Problems: COPPS on the Beat
235
29
Introduction
235
1
Drug Violations
236
5
The Problems
236
1
Applying the COPPS Approach
236
5
Gangs
241
3
The Problem
241
1
Applying the COPPS Approach
241
2
Graffiti
243
1
Special Populations
244
5
The Mentally Ill, the Homeless, and the Alcoholic Offender
244
1
"Networking" and Other Strategies
245
2
Applying the COPPS Approach
247
2
Domestic Violence
249
2
The Problem
249
1
Applying the COPPS Approach
249
2
Housing Problems and Neighborhood Disorder
251
4
Case Studies
251
4
Prostitution
255
3
The Problem
255
1
Applying the COPPS Approach
255
3
Other Selected Problems
258
3
Cruising
258
1
Teen Hangouts: Video Arcades
259
1
False Alarms
260
1
SUMMARY
261
1
NOTES
262
2
Chapter 10 The "Devil's Advocate": Concerns with COPPS
264
26
Introduction
264
1
A Review of the Issues
265
10
Concern #1: Is There a True "Community"?
265
1
Concern #2: Is This a Proper Role for the Police?
266
2
Concern #3: Does the Concept Violate the Political Neutrality of the Police?
268
1
Concern #4: Can COPPS Work When It Cannot Cure the Underlying Societal Problems of Crime and Disorder?
269
1
Concern #5: Does the Concept Require Too Much Officer Discretion?
269
1
Concern #6: Is This Just a Faddish, Costly Gimmick?
270
1
Concern #7: Do Officers Possess the Intellectual Capacity and Temperaments to Sustain the Concept?
271
1
Concern #8: Can Police Departments Change from Within?
272
1
Concern #9: Can and Will Adequate Evaluations Be Done?
273
1
Concern #10: Other Concerns and Problems
274
1
Responses to the Issues
275
11
SUMMARY
286
1
NOTES
286
4
Chapter 11 Has It Worked? Evaluating COPPS
290
31
Introduction
290
1
Rationale for Evaluating COPPS
291
1
Evaluating Social Interventions: Purposes and Methods
291
2
Criticisms of Prior Efforts
293
2
Before Assessing COPPS: Some Pertinent Questions
295
2
Employing the Proper Criteria
297
5
The Old versus the New
297
1
Three General Criteria
298
2
Evaluation Measures
300
2
Officer Performance Evaluations
302
5
COPPS Skills
302
3
The Rating Scale
305
2
Use of Surveys
307
8
Polling the Community
307
3
Surveying the Environment
310
1
Surveying Officers
311
3
Analyzing the Data
314
1
Case Studies
315
3
Lawrence, Massachusetts
315
1
Newport News, Virginia
316
1
Chicago
317
1
SUMMARY
318
1
NOTES
318
3
Chapter 12 Selected American Approaches
321
28
Introduction
321
1
"What Works": COPPS in Action
322
22
Large Communities
322
9
Medium-Sized Cities
331
9
Small Communities
340
4
Other COPPS Efforts
344
2
SUMMARY
346
1
NOTES
346
3
Chapter 13 In Foreign Venues: COPPS Abroad
349
33
Introduction
349
1
A Matter of Mutual Respect
350
1
Community Policing in Japan
351
3
The Earliest Comprehensive, Community-Based Approach
351
1
The Koban
352
2
Australia's Policing Strategy
354
9
A Pilot Project in Toowoomba
354
1
The Adelaide Experience
355
7
An Experiment in Victoria
362
1
La Police Communautaire: Canadian COPPS
363
8
A TQM Emphasis
364
1
Community Policing: Ideology and Innovation
364
1
Small Towns viv-a-vis Urban Areas
365
1
Less Rhetoric, More Evaluation
366
3
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
369
1
A POP Model in British Columbia
370
1
COPPS in Great Britain
371
4
A Guiding Philosophy
371
1
The Role of Constables
372
1
Early Initiatives
372
1
Contemporary Approaches
374
1
COPPS in Other Venues
375
3
New Zealand
375
2
Scandinavian Countries
377
1
SUMMARY
378
1
NOTES
379
3
Chapter 14 "Peeking Over the Rim": The Future
382
24
Introduction
382
1
Learning from the Past
383
1
Crime Trends and Demographics
384
1
Leading for the Future
385
2
Required: A Different Methodology
385
1
Managing Change
385
1
Major Internal Changes
386
1
Reforming the Bureaucratic Model
387
1
The Sine Qua Non of COPPS: Rank-and-File Officers
387
2
Essential Ingredients: Recruitment, Training, Flexibility
387
2
Technology and Information Systems
389
6
The Technology of COPPS
389
2
Software for COPPS
391
2
Information for COPPS
393
2
Use of the Internet
395
1
Questions for the Future
395
5
Other Considerations
398
1
Police Accreditation
398
1
Civilianization, Training, Private Police
398
1
1994 Crime Bill
399
1
Futuristics
400
1
SUMMARY
401
1
Some Concluding Thoughts
402
2
A Matter of Semantics
402
1
On Nomadic Chickens and a Bygone Era
403
1
NOTES
404
2
Appendix A Problem Solving Case Studies
406
12
I. Car Prowls in Settle
406
1
II. Juvenile Drug Trafficking in Tulsa
407
2
III. Mobile Home Park Problems in Reno, Nevada
409
2
IV. Mall Gang Problems in Lakewood, Colorado
411
1
V. Drugs and Guns on Maple Avenue in San Diego
412
2
VI. Crime and the Homeless in Savannah
414
1
VII. Cleaning Up Queen Village in Philadelphia
415
1
VIII. Canadian Constable Closes the Club
416
2
Appendix B A Community Survey in Fort Collins, Colorado
418
Appendix C A Strategic Plan Survey in Portland, Oregon
407
Index
430