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Tables of Contents for Basic Methods of Structural Geology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Contributing Authors
v
Preface
xiii
PART I ELEMENTARY TECHNIQUES
1
174
Stephen Marshak
Gautam Mitra
Measurement of Attitude and Location
3
16
Introduction
3
1
Reference Frame
3
1
Attitudes of Planes
4
3
Attitudes of Lines
7
1
Use of a Compass
8
6
Locating Points with a Compass
14
5
Exercises
17
2
Interpretation and Construction of Contour Maps
19
26
Introduction
19
1
Elements of Contour Maps
19
3
Interpretation of Topographic Maps
22
5
Structure-Contour and Form-Line Contour Maps
27
3
Isopach and Isochore Maps
30
2
Construction of Contour Maps
32
13
Exercises
35
10
Geometric Methods I: Attitude Calculations
45
22
Introduction
45
1
Projections and Descriptive Geometry
45
2
Three-Point Problems
47
2
Calculation of Outcrop Trace from Attitude Data
49
1
True and Apparent Dips
50
6
Calculation of Linear Attitudes
56
11
Exercises
60
7
Geometric Methods II: Dimension Calculations
67
20
Introduction
67
1
Depth to a Plane
67
6
Calculation of Layer Thickness
73
6
Determination of Line Length
79
1
Area of a Dipping Plane
80
1
Descriptive-Geometry Analysis of Fault Offset
81
6
Exercises
83
4
Introduction to Stereographic Projections
87
18
Introduction
87
1
Concept of a Stereographic Projection
87
5
The Stereonet
92
3
Plotting Techniques
95
10
Exercises
103
2
Stereographic Poles and Rotations
105
26
Introduction
105
1
Pole to a Plane
105
2
Angles between Lines and Planes
107
3
Rotation
110
8
Applications of Stereographic Rotations
118
13
Exercises
124
7
Calculation of Layer Attitude in Drill Holes
131
14
Introduction
131
1
Data from One Drill Hole
131
5
Data from Two Drill Holes
136
4
Data from Three Drill Holes
140
1
Using Rotation for Drill-Hole Problems
141
4
Exercises
143
2
Equal-Area Projections and Structural Analysis
145
30
Introduction
145
1
Equal-Area Projections and the Schmidt Net
146
2
Contouring of Equal-Area Plots
148
7
Patterns of Point Data on Equal-Area Projections
155
2
Analysis of Folding with an Equal-Area Net
157
2
Analysis of Fabrics with an Equal-Area Net
159
16
Exercises
171
4
PART II SPECIAL TOPICS
175
210
Stephen Marshak
Gautam Mitra
Interpretation of Geologic Maps
177
16
Lucian B. Platt
Introduction
177
1
Limitations of Map Scale
177
1
Observing Local Details on a Map
178
1
Understanding Intersections of Geologic Contacts
179
1
Implications of Unit Thickness
180
1
Steps in Analysis of Geologic Maps
181
4
The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses
185
1
Summary
186
7
Exercises
187
6
Analysis of Data from Rock-Deformation Experiments
193
20
Terry Engelder
Stephen Marshak
Introduction
193
1
The Rock-Deformation Experiment
193
6
Analysis of Rock Strength and Failure Criteria
199
3
Analysis of Ductile Deformation
202
2
Analysis of Rock Friction
204
5
Frictional Properties of Fault Gouge
209
2
Acknowledgments
211
2
Additional Exercises
211
2
Description of Mesoscopic Structures
213
36
Gautam Mitra
Stephen Marshak
Introduction
213
1
Folds
213
13
Shear Zones, Faults, and Fault Zones
226
12
Foliations
238
5
Lineation
243
3
Veins
246
3
Analysis of Fracture Array Geometry
249
20
Arthur Goldstein
Stephen Marshak
Introduction
249
1
Characteristics of Joints
249
1
Collection and Representation of Attitude Data on Joints
250
6
Style, Age Analysis, and Interpretation of Joints
256
2
Fault-Array Analysis
258
6
Lineament-Array Analysis
264
1
Acknowledgments
264
5
Exercises
265
4
Objective Methods for Constructing Profiles and Block Diagrams of Folds
269
34
Steven Wojtal
Introduction
269
1
Fold Styles and Section Lines
269
2
Busk Method of Constructing Sections of Nonplunging Folds
271
6
Kink-Style Construction of Nonplunging Folds
277
5
Dip-Isogon Method of Constructing Fold Profiles
282
2
Constructing Profiles of Nonparallel Folds by Orthographic Projection
284
2
Constructing Profiles of Plunging Folds
286
6
Constructing Block Diagrams
292
5
Appendix: Use of a Computer for Down-Plunge Projections
297
6
Exercises
297
6
Introduction to Cross-Section Balancing
303
30
Stephen Marshak
Nicholas Woodward
Introduction
303
1
Terminology of Fold-Thrust Belts
304
5
Concept of a Balanced Cross Section
309
5
Drawing a Deformed-State Cross Section
314
3
Restoring a Cross Section
317
3
Evaluating and Improving a Section
320
4
Depth-to-Detachment and Regional Shortening Calculations
324
1
Applications of Balanced Cross Sections
325
1
Acknowledgments
325
8
Exercises
326
7
Analysis of Two-Dimensional Finite Strain
333
28
Carol Simpson
Introduction
333
1
Displacement-Vector Patterns
333
2
Strain Measurement
335
1
Types of Homogeneous Strain
336
6
Strain Markers
342
1
Use of Originally Linear Strain Markers
343
2
Use of Bilaterally Symmetrical Fossils
345
6
Use of Originally Ellipsoidal Markers
351
8
Concluding Remarks
359
1
Acknowledgments
359
2
Interpretation of Poly-Deformed Terranes
361
24
Sharon Mosher
Mark Helper
Introduction
361
1
Nomenclature
361
1
Mapping and Data Analysis
362
1
Superimposed Minor Folds
363
4
Unraveling Multiple Fabrics
367
2
Correlation of Structural Generations
369
5
Possible Origins of Polyphase Structural Patterns
374
11
Exercises
374
11
PART III APPENDICES
385
42
Appendix 1 Review of the key Concepts of Maps, Cross Sections, Diagrams, and photos
387
14
A1-1 Introduction
387
1
A1-2 Elements of Maps
387
7
A1-3 Patterns of Simple Geologic Structures on Maps
394
3
A1-4 Elements of Cross Sections and Profiles
397
1
A1-5 Diagrams, Sketches, and Photos
398
2
Exercises
400
1
Appendix 2 Basic Trigonometry
401
2
A2-1 Fundamental Identities
401
1
A2-2 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
402
1
Appendix 3 Suggestions for Mapping Geologic Structures
403
4
A3-1 Introduction
403
1
A3-2 Matching Mapping Technique to the Problem
403
1
A3-3 Aspects of Mapping Strategy
404
3
Appendix 4 Templates for Plotting Geologic Data
407
20
A4-1 Equal-Angle (Wulff) Net
409
2
A4-2 Equal-Area (Schmidt) Net
411
2
A4-3 Rose Diagram Grid
413
2
A4-4 Lambert Polar Equal-Area Net
415
2
A4-5 Kalsbeek Counting Net
417
2
A4-6 Grid for Use with a Schmidt Counter
419
2
A4-7 Schmidt Counter
421
2
A4-8 Orthographic Net
423
2
A4-9 Hyperbolic Net
425
2
References
427
10
Index
437