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Tables of Contents for Society
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xviii
Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method
The Sociological Perspective
2
6
Seeing the General in the Particular
2
1
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar
3
1
Seeing Individuality in Social Context
3
2
Benefits of the Sociological Perspective
5
1
Applied Sociology
5
1
The Importance of a Global Perspective
6
2
The Origins of Sociology
8
3
Science and Sociology
8
2
Social Change and Sociology
10
1
Marginal Voices
10
1
Sociological Theory
11
4
The Structural-Functional Paradigm
11
2
The Social-Conflict Paradigm
13
1
The Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm
14
1
Scientific Sociology
15
7
Concepts, Variables, and Measurement
16
2
Correlation and Cause
18
1
The Ideal of Objectivity
19
1
Research and Gender
19
1
Feminist Research
20
1
Research Ethics
20
2
Research Methods
22
10
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment
22
1
Asking Questions: The Survey
22
1
In the Field: Participant Observation
22
1
The Second Time Around: Existing Sources
23
1
Putting It All Together: Ten Steps in Sociological Research
24
1
Summary
25
1
Key Concepts
26
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
27
1
Learning Exercises
27
1
Welcome to the Information Revolution!
28
4
Culture
32
28
What is Culture?
35
2
Culture and Human Intelligence
35
2
The Components of Culture
37
4
Symbols
37
1
Language
38
1
Values
38
3
Norms
41
1
``Ideal'' and ``Real'' Culture
41
1
Technology and Culture
41
4
Hunting and Gathering
42
1
Horticulture and Pastoralism
42
1
Agriculture
42
2
Industry
44
1
Postindustrial Information Technology
45
1
Cultural Diversity
45
8
High Culture and Popular Culture
46
1
Subculture
46
1
Multiculturalism
47
2
Counterculture
49
1
Cultural Change
49
1
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity
50
1
A Global Culture?
51
2
Theoretical Analysis of Culture
53
3
Structural-Functional Analysis
53
1
Social-Conflict Analysis
53
1
Sociobiology
54
2
Culture and Human Freedom
56
4
Summary
57
1
Key Concepts
58
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
59
1
Learning Exercises
59
1
Socialization: From Infancy To Old Age
60
24
Social Experience: The Key To Our Humanity
61
3
Human Development: Nature and Nurture
61
2
Social Isolation
63
1
Understanding Socialization
64
6
The Elements of Personality
64
1
Sigmund Freud
Cognitive Development
65
1
Jean Piaget
Moral Development
66
1
Lawrence Kohlberg
The Gender Factor
67
1
Carol Gilligan
The Social Self
67
2
George Herbert Mead
Eight Stages of Development
69
1
Erik H. Erikson
Agents of Socialization
70
4
The Family
70
1
The School
70
1
The Peer Group
71
1
The Mass Media
71
3
Socialization and the Life Course
74
6
Childhood
74
2
Adolescence
76
1
Adulthood
76
1
Old Age
76
2
Death and Dying
78
1
The Life Course: An Overview
79
1
Resocialization: Total Institutions
80
4
Summary
81
1
Key Concepts
82
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
83
1
Learning Exercises
83
1
Social Interaction In Everyday Life
84
22
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living
85
1
Status
86
1
Ascribed and Achieved Status
86
1
Master Status
87
1
Role
87
1
Role Conflict and Role Strain
88
1
Role Exit
88
1
The Social Construction of Reality
88
4
``Street Smarts''
90
1
The Thomas Theorem
90
1
Ethnomethodology
91
1
Reality-Building: Some Broader Considerations
92
1
Dramaturgical Analysis: ``The Presentation of Self''
92
7
Performances
93
1
Nonverbal Communication
94
2
Gender and Performances
96
1
Idealization
97
1
Embarrassment and Tact
98
1
Interaction in Everyday Life: Two Illustrations
99
7
Language: The Gender Issue
99
1
Humor: Playing with Reality
100
4
Summary
104
1
Key Concepts
104
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
105
1
Learning Exercises
105
1
Groups and Organizations
106
24
Social Groups
107
8
Primary and Secondary Groups
108
1
Group Leadership
109
1
Group Conformity
110
2
Reference Groups
112
1
Ingroups and Outgroups
112
1
Group Size
113
1
Social Diversity
114
1
Networks
114
1
Formal Organizations
115
12
Types of Formal Organizations
116
1
Origins of Bureaucracy
117
1
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
117
2
The Informal Side of Bureaucracy
119
1
Problems of Bureaucracy
119
2
Gender and Race in Organizations
121
2
Self-Managed Work Teams
123
1
Organizational Environment
123
1
The McDonaldization of Society
124
1
Japanese Organizations
125
2
Groups and Organizations in Global Perspective
127
3
Summary
128
1
Key Concepts
129
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
129
1
Learning Exercises
129
1
Deviance
130
30
What is Deviance?
131
3
The Biological Context
132
1
Personality Factors
133
1
The Social Foundations of Deviance
133
1
The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Analysis
134
3
Durkheim's Basic Insight
134
1
Merton's Strain Theory
135
1
Deviant Subcultures
135
2
Labeling Deviance: The Symbolic-Interaction Approach
137
3
Labeling Theory
137
1
Primary and Secondary Deviance
137
1
Stigma
137
1
Labeling and Mental Illness
138
1
The Medicalization of Deviance
138
1
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
139
1
Hirschi's Control Theory
139
1
Deviance and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis
140
3
Deviance and Power
140
1
Deviance and Capitalism
140
1
White-Collar Crime
141
2
Deviance and Social Diversity
143
1
Deviance and Gender
143
1
Hate Crimes
143
1
Crime
144
7
Types of Crime
145
1
Criminal Statistics
146
1
The ``Street'' Criminal: A Profile
146
3
Crime in Global Perspective
149
2
The Criminal Justice System
151
9
Police
151
1
Courts
152
1
Punishment
152
4
Summary
156
1
Key Concepts
156
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
157
1
Learning Exercises
157
1
How New Technology Is Changing Our Way of Life
158
2
Social Stratification
160
34
What is Social Stratification?
162
1
Caste and Class Systems
162
7
The Caste System
162
1
The Class System
163
3
Classless Societies?
166
2
Ideology: Stratification's ``Staying Power''
168
1
The Functions of Social Stratification
169
1
The Davis-Moore Thesis
169
1
Stratification and Conflict
170
3
Class Conflict
170
1
Karl Marx
Why No Marxist Revolution?
171
1
Class, Status, and Power
172
1
Max Weber
Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective
173
1
Inequality in the United States
174
5
Income, Wealth, and Power
176
1
Occupational Prestige
177
1
Schooling
177
1
Ancestry, Race, and Gender
177
2
Social Classes in the United States
179
2
The Upper Class
179
1
The Middle Class
180
1
The Working Class
180
1
The Lower Class
180
1
The Difference Class Makes
181
1
Health
181
1
Values and Attitudes
181
1
Family Patterns
182
1
Social Mobility
182
3
Myth versus Reality
183
1
Mobility by Income Level
183
1
Mobility by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
184
1
The American Dream: Still a Reality?
184
1
The Global Economy and the U.S. Class Structure
184
1
Poverty in the United States
185
9
The Extent of Poverty
186
1
Who Are the Poor?
186
1
Explaining Poverty
187
2
Homelessness
189
1
Class and Welfare, Politics and Values
189
2
Summary
191
1
Key Concepts
192
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
193
1
Learning Exercises
193
1
Global Stratification
194
24
Global Stratification: An Overview
195
3
A Word about Terminology
196
1
High-Income Countries
196
2
Middle-Income Countries
198
5
Slavery
203
Low-Income Countries
198
1
Global Wealth and Poverty
198
7
The Severity of Poverty
200
1
The Extent of Poverty
201
1
Poverty and Children
201
2
Poverty and Women
203
1
Slavery
203
1
Correlates of Global Poverty
203
2
Global Inequality: Theoretical Analysis
205
8
Modernization Theory
205
5
Dependency Theory
210
3
Global Inequality: Looking Ahead
213
5
Summary
216
1
Key Concepts
217
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
217
1
Learning Exercises
217
1
Sex and Gender
218
26
Sex and Gender
219
6
Sex: A Biological Distinction
219
1
Sexual Orientation
220
2
Gender: A Cultural Distinction
222
1
Patriarchy and Sexism
223
2
Gender and Socialization
225
2
Gender and the Family
225
1
Gender and the Peer Group
226
1
Gender and Schooling
226
1
Gender and the Mass Media
227
1
Gender and Social Stratification
227
9
Working Women and Men
227
2
Housework: Women's ``Second Shift''
229
1
Gender, Income, and Wealth
230
1
Gender and Education
231
1
Gender and Politics
231
1
Gender and the Military
232
1
Are Women a Minority?
233
1
Minority Women
233
1
Violence against Women
234
2
Theoretical Analysis of Gender
236
1
Structural-Functional Analysis
236
1
Social-Conflict Analysis
236
1
Feminism
237
3
Basic Feminist Ideas
237
1
Types of Feminism
238
1
Opposition to Feminism
239
1
Looking Ahead: Gender in the Twenty-First Century
240
4
Summary
242
1
Key Concepts
242
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
243
1
Learning Exercises
243
1
Race and Ethnicity
244
28
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
245
8
Race
246
1
Ethnicity
247
1
Minorities
248
1
Prejudice and Stereotypes
249
1
Racism
250
1
Theories of Prejudice
250
2
Discrimination
252
1
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination
252
1
Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Cycle
252
1
Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction
253
2
Pluralism
253
1
Assimilation
253
1
Segregation
254
1
Genocide
254
1
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
255
11
Native Americans
255
1
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
256
1
African Americans
257
2
Asian Americans
259
5
Hispanic Americans
264
1
White Ethnic Americans
265
1
Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead
266
6
Summary
268
1
Key Concepts
268
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
269
1
Learning Exercises
269
1
New Information Technology and Social Stratification
270
2
Economics and Politics
272
34
The Economy: Historical Overview
274
2
The Agricultural Revolution
274
1
The Industrial Revolution
274
1
The Information Revolution and the Postindustrial Society
275
1
Sectors of the Economy
275
1
The Global Economy
276
1
Economic Systems: Paths to Justice
276
5
Capitalism
278
1
Socialism
278
1
Welfare Capitalism and State Capitalism
279
1
Relative Advantages of Capitalism and Socialism
279
1
Changes in Socialist Countries
280
1
Work in the Postindustrial Economy
281
4
The Changing Workplace
281
1
Labor Unions
282
1
Professions
282
1
Self-Employment
283
1
Unemployment
283
1
Social Diversity in the Workplace
284
1
New Information Technology and Work
284
1
Corporations
285
3
Economic Concentration
285
1
Corporate Linkages
286
1
Corporations: Are They Competitive?
286
1
Corporations and the Global Economy
286
1
Looking Ahead: The Economy of the Twenty-First Century
287
1
Politics: Historical Overview
288
1
Global Political Systems
289
3
Monarchy
289
1
Democracy
289
1
Authoritarianism
289
2
Totalitarianism
291
1
A Global Political System?
291
1
Politics in the United States
292
3
U.S. Culture and the Rise of the Welfare State
292
1
The Political Spectrum
293
1
Party Identification
294
1
Special-Interest Groups
294
1
Voter Apathy
294
1
Theoretical Analysis of Politics
295
2
The Pluralist Model: The People Rule
295
1
The Power-Elite Model: A Few People Rule
295
1
The Marxist Model: Bias in the System Itself
296
1
Power Beyond the Rules
297
1
Revolution
297
1
Terrorism
298
1
War and Peace
298
8
The Causes of War
299
1
The Costs and Causes of Militarism
299
1
Nuclear Weapons
300
1
Pursuing Peace
300
2
Looking Ahead: Politics in the Twenty-First Century
302
1
Summary
303
1
Key Concepts
304
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
305
1
Learning Exercises
305
1
Family and Religion
306
34
The Family: Basic Concepts
308
1
The Family: Global Variations
308
3
Marriage Patterns
309
1
Residential Patterns
309
1
Patterns of Descent
310
1
Patterns of Authority
311
1
Theoretical Analysis of the Family
311
2
Functions of the Family: Structural-Functional Analysis
311
1
Inequality and the Family: Social-Conflict Analysis
311
1
Constructing Family Life: Micro-Level Analysis
312
1
Stages of Family Life
313
3
Courtship and Romantic Love
313
1
Settling in: Ideal and Real Marriage
313
1
Child Rearing
314
1
The Family in Later Life
315
1
U.S. Families: Class, Race, and Gender
316
2
Social Class
316
1
Ethnicity and Race
317
1
Gender
318
1
Transitions and Problems in Family Life
318
3
Divorce
318
2
Remarriage
320
1
Family Violence
320
1
Alternative Family Forms
321
4
One-Parent Families
321
1
Cohabitation
322
1
Gay and Lesbian Couples
322
1
Singlehood
323
1
New Reproductive Technology
323
1
Looking Ahead: The Family in the Twenty-First Century
324
1
Religion: Basic Concepts
325
1
Theoretical Analysis of Religion
326
2
Functions of Religion: Structural-Functional Analysis
326
1
Constructing the Sacred: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
327
1
Religion and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis
327
1
Religion and Social Change
328
1
Protestantism and Capitalism
328
1
Max Weber
Liberation Theology
328
1
Church, Sect, and Cult
329
2
Religion in History
331
1
Religion in the United States
331
2
Religious Commitment
331
1
Religion and Social Stratification
332
1
Religion in a Changing Society
333
7
Secularization
333
1
Civil Religion
333
1
Religious Revival
334
2
Looking Ahead: Religion in the Twenty-First Century
336
1
Summary
337
1
Key Concepts
338
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
339
1
Learning Exercises
339
1
Education and Medicine
340
34
Education: A Global Survey
341
3
Schooling in Low-Income Countries
342
1
Schooling in High-Income Countries
343
1
Schooling in the United States
344
1
The Functions of Schooling
344
1
Schooling and Social Inequality
345
3
Public and Private Education
346
1
Access to Higher Education
347
1
Credentialism
348
1
Privilege and Personal Merit
348
1
Problems in the Schools
348
4
Discipline and Violence
348
1
Bureaucracy and Student Passivity
349
1
College: The Silent Classroom
350
1
Dropping Out
350
1
Academic Standards
351
1
Recent Issues in U.S. Education
352
2
School Choice
352
1
Schooling People with Disabilities
352
1
Adult Education
353
1
Looking Ahead: Schooling in the Twenty-First Century
353
1
Health
354
1
Health and Society
354
1
Health: A Global Survey
354
2
Health in Low-Income Countries
355
1
Health in High-Income Countries
355
1
Health in the United States
356
6
Social Epidemiology: Who Is Healthy?
356
1
Cigarette Smoking
357
1
Eating Disorders
358
1
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
358
3
Ethical Issues: Confronting Death
361
1
The Medical Establishment
362
4
The Rise of Scientific Medicine
362
1
Holistic Medicine
363
1
Paying the Costs: A Global Survey
363
1
Medicine in the United States
364
2
Theoretical Analysis of Medicine
366
8
Structural-Functional Analysis
366
1
Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
366
1
Social-Conflict Analysis
367
1
Looking Ahead: Health in the Twenty-First Century
368
2
Summary
370
1
Key Concepts
371
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
371
1
Learning Exercises
371
1
New Information Technology and Social Institutions
372
2
Population and Urbanization
374
24
Demography: The Study of Population
375
5
Fertility
376
1
Mortality
376
1
Migration
377
1
Population Growth
377
2
Population Composition
379
1
History and Theory of Population Growth
380
2
Malthusian Theory
380
1
Demographic Transition Theory
381
1
Global Population: A Survey
382
2
The Low-Growth North
382
1
The High-Growth South
382
2
Urbanization: The Growth of Cities
384
5
The Evolution of Cities
384
2
The Growth of U.S. Cities
386
1
The Rise of Suburbs
387
1
Postindustrial Sunbelt Cities
388
1
Megalopolis: Regional Cities
388
1
Edge Cities
389
1
Urbanism as a Way of Life
389
4
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
389
1
Ferdinand Tonnies
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
389
1
Emile Durkheim
The Blase Urbanite
390
1
Georg Simmel
Walking the Streets
390
1
Robert Park
Urbanism as a Way of Life
391
1
Louis Wirth
Urban Ecology
391
2
Urban Political Economy
393
1
Urbanization in Poor Societies
393
5
Looking Ahead: Population and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century
394
2
Summary
396
1
Key Concepts
396
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
397
1
Learning Exercises
397
1
Environment and Society
398
22
Ecology: The Study of the Natural Environment
399
6
The Role of Sociology
400
1
The Global Dimension
400
1
The Historical Dimension
401
1
Population Increase
401
2
Cultural Patterns: Growth and Limits
403
2
Environmental Issues
405
7
Solid Waste: The Disposable Society
405
1
Preserving Clean Water
406
3
Clearing the Air
409
1
Acid Rain
410
1
The Rain Forests
411
1
Society and the Environment: Theoretical Analysis
412
3
Structural-Functional Analysis
412
1
Cultural Ecology
412
1
Social-Conflict Analysis
413
1
Environmental Racism
414
1
Looking Ahead: Toward A Sustainable Society and World
415
5
Summary
418
1
Key Concepts
419
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
419
1
Learning Exercises
419
1
Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies
420
26
What is Social Change?
422
2
Causes of Social Change
424
3
Culture and Change
424
1
Conflict and Change
424
1
Ideas and Change
424
1
Demographic Change
425
1
Social Movements and Change
425
2
Modernity
427
3
The Loss of Community
428
1
Ferdinand Tonnies
The Division of Labor
429
1
Emile Durkheim
Rationalization
429
1
Max Weber
Capitalism
430
1
Karl Marx
Structural-Functional Analysis: The Theory of Mass Society
430
3
The Mass Scale of Modern Life
431
1
The Ever-Expanding State
432
1
Social-Conflict Analysis: The Theory of Class Society
433
1
Capitalism
433
1
Persistent Inequality
433
1
Modernity and the Individual
434
2
Mass Society: Problems of Identity
434
1
Class Society: Problems of Powerlessness
435
1
Modernity and Progress
436
1
Modernity: Global Variations
437
1
Postmodernity
437
2
Looking Ahead: Modernization and Our Global Future
439
7
Summary
442
1
Key Concepts
442
1
Critical-Thinking Questions
443
1
Learning Exercises
443
1
New Information Technology and Social Change
444
2
Glossary
446
7
References
453
24
Photo Credits
477
2
About the Author
479
1
Name Index
480
6
Subject Index
486