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Tables of Contents for Principles Of Plant Science
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
PART 1 An Overview of the Plant Sciences
1
36
Introduction to the Plant Sciences
3
4
Plants in Society
3
1
Plants in Industries
3
1
Plants in Sciences
4
3
Plants and Society
7
8
History of Agriculture
7
1
The First Cultivated Plants
8
2
Development of Agricultural Crops
10
1
Timeline for Domestication of Important Crops
11
1
Contemporary Crop Improvement Programs
11
4
Plants as Industries
15
14
Historical Periods of the United States and the Development of Plant-Related Agricultural Industries
15
2
Colonists and Early Settlers
15
1
Post-Civil War
16
1
Pre-World War I
16
1
Post-World War II
16
1
Relatively Recent Time
17
1
U.S. Agriculture and Crop Production
17
3
Exports
17
3
Imports
20
1
Agronomic Segments of Crop Production Industries
20
2
Cereal or Grain Crops
20
2
Forage Crops
22
1
Fiber Crops
22
1
Tobacco
22
1
Oilseed Crops
22
1
Horticultural Segments of Crop Production Industries
22
7
Vegetable Crops
22
1
Fruit and Nut Crops
23
1
Nursery and Greenhouse Crops
24
1
Niche Crops
25
1
Home Gardens
25
4
The Sciences of Plants
29
1
The Sciences of Plants
29
8
Botany
29
1
The ``Basic'' Botanical Sciences
30
1
Examples of Form and Structure Disciplines
30
1
Examples of Growth and Development Disciplines
30
1
The ``Applied'' Botanical Sciences or Plant Sciences
31
2
Examples of Commodity-Based Disciplines of Plant Science
32
1
Examples of Cross-Commodity Disciplines of Plant Science
32
1
Plant Classification Schemes
33
4
Botanical
33
1
Use
34
1
Life Cycle
34
1
Other Classifications
34
3
PART 2 Basics of Plant Growth and Development
37
50
Introduction to Plant Growth and Development
39
10
Plant Organs
39
1
Stems
39
1
Leaves
40
1
Flowers
40
1
Roots
40
1
Plant Growth
40
4
Stem Growth
40
1
Leaf Growth
41
1
Flower Growth
41
2
Root Growth
43
1
Determinate Versus Indeterminate Growth
43
1
Measurement of Growth
44
1
Development
44
5
Seedling Phase
45
1
Juvenile Phase
45
1
Reproductive Phase
45
1
Senescence Phase
46
3
An Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration
49
18
Photosynthesis
49
11
Overview
49
5
Major Stages of Photosynthesis
54
6
Respiration
60
4
Overview of Respiration
60
1
Major Phases of Respiration
61
3
Fermentation Metabolism
64
3
Plant Hormones
67
14
Definitions
67
1
General Mechanisms of Action
68
1
Classes of Plant Hormones
69
5
Auxins
69
1
Gibberellins
69
2
Cytokinins
71
1
Abscisic Acid
71
1
Ethylene
72
1
Other Compounds Exhibiting Plant Hormone Characteristics
72
2
Practical Uses of Growth Regulators in the Plant Sciences
74
7
Rooting
74
1
Height Control
75
1
Herbicides
75
1
Branching and Shoot Growth
76
1
Flowering
76
1
Fruiting
77
1
Ripening
77
1
Fruit Abscission
77
1
Enhance Postharvest Life
78
3
Some Ecological Principles in Plant Growth and Production
81
6
Important Ecological Concepts
81
3
Organism Groupings
81
2
Significant Interactions Among Organisms
83
1
Farm as Ecosystems
84
3
PART 3 Environmental Factors that Influence Plant Growth and Crop Production Technologies
87
8
Introduction to the Role of the Environment in Plant Growth and Development
89
6
Environment
89
1
Weather and Climate
90
1
Plant Stress
90
1
Reasons to Study How the Environment Affects Plant Growth
91
1
Methods for Studying How the Environment Affects Plant Growth and Development
92
3
PART 4 Aerial Factors
95
174
Overview of the Aerial Environment
97
6
The Ecosphere and the Aerial Environment
97
2
Irradiance and Temperature
99
1
The Earth's Atmosphere
99
1
Above-Ground Living Organisms
100
3
Irradiance
103
40
Background
103
12
Characteristics of Sunlight
103
4
Photochemical Reactions
107
3
Variations in the Light Environment
110
4
Radiation Measurements and Instrumentation
114
1
Effects on Plants
115
17
Seed Germination
115
2
Uptake of Radiation by Plants
117
1
Ultraviolet Radiation
117
1
Plant Uses of Radiant Energy
118
12
Distribution of Light in Plant Canopies
130
2
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Light
132
11
Plant Density
132
1
Weeds
132
1
Row Orientation
133
1
Supplemental Lighting
133
1
Filtering Light
134
1
Practical Uses of Shade
134
1
Planting Considerations in the Shade Environment
135
2
Pruning and Training
137
1
Reflective Plastic Mulches
137
6
Temperature
143
46
Background Information
143
8
Radiation and Heat
143
1
Temperature Changes with Altitude, Seasons and Latitude, and Time of Day
144
3
Effects of Temperatures on Physical and Chemical Processes
147
1
Frost Types
147
1
Weather Conditions Causing Frost
148
1
Frost Versus Freeze
148
1
The Freezing Process
148
1
Length of Growing Season
148
1
Topographic Factors That Affect Frosts and Freezes
149
2
Wind Chill
151
1
Effects on Plants
151
14
Effects of Temperatures on Biochemical Processes
151
1
Cardinal Temperatures
152
2
Potential Differences Between Air and Plant Surface Temperatures
154
1
Temperature Effects on Photosynthesis and Respiration
154
2
Membranes
156
1
Chilling Injury
157
1
Freezing Injury
157
2
Vernalization
159
1
Crop-Specific Responses to Cold Conditions
159
3
High Temperature
162
3
Temperature Acclimation or Hardening
165
1
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Temperature
165
24
Frost Protection
165
14
Methods of Alleviating Excessive Heat
179
1
Influence of Vegetation Cover on Surface Temperatures
180
1
Use of Plants for Energy Conservation Around Homes and Buildings
180
2
Harvesting According to Accumulated Heat Units
182
1
Commodity Cooling to Extend Postharvest Life
182
1
Harvest Procedures to Reduce Temperature Stress
183
1
Cooling Procedures After Harvest
184
5
Atmospheric Gases
189
16
Background Information
189
8
Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere
189
1
Some Basic Properties of Gases
190
1
Common Atmospheric Gases
191
3
The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
194
1
The Greenhouse Effect
195
2
Effects on Plants
197
4
Stomata
197
1
Photosynthesis
198
2
Transpiration
200
1
Wilting
200
1
Diseases and Insects
201
1
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Gases
201
4
Spacing and Crowding
201
1
CO2 Enrichment in the Greenhouse
201
1
Antitranspirants
201
1
Modified Atmosphere Storage of Fruits and Vegetables
202
1
Air Pollution
202
3
Air Pollutants
205
20
Background Information
205
8
Sources of Air Pollutants
205
2
Common Air Pollutants
207
4
Trace Gases
211
1
Variables That Can Affect the Various Air Pollutants
211
1
Sources of Air Pollution
212
1
Effects of Topography on Dispersion of Air Pollutants
212
1
Effects of Plants
213
5
Symptoms
213
4
Factors Influencing Air Pollution Injury to Plants
217
1
Types of Crop Losses Due to Air Pollutants
218
1
Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Production
218
1
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Air Pollution
218
7
Bioindicator Plants for Air Pollutants
218
7
Mechanical Disturbances
225
44
Background Information
225
2
Physical Mechanical Disturbance
225
2
Biological Mechanical Disturbance
227
1
Effects on Plants
227
17
Release of Stress Ethylene by Plants
227
1
Physical Mechanical Disturbances
228
10
Biological Mechanical Disturbances
238
6
Agricultural Technologies and Mechanical Disturbances
244
25
Physical Mechanical Disturbances
244
12
Biological Mechanical Disturbances
256
4
Special Considerations of Mechanical Disturbances of the Rhizosphere
260
9
PART 5 Rhizosphere Factors
269
102
Overview of the Rhizosphere
271
12
Soil
271
5
Soil Types
271
2
Soil Fertility
273
1
Organic Matter
273
1
Soil Horizons
273
1
Soil-Forming Factors
274
2
The Water Cycle and the Groundwater System
276
2
Plant Roots
278
1
Soil Organisms and Allelochemicals
279
4
Water
283
34
Background Information
284
4
Unique Properties of Water
284
2
Water Potential
286
1
Forms of Atmospheric Moisture
287
1
The Supply of Water by the Soil
287
1
Effects on Plants
288
12
Classification of Plants Based on Water Use
288
1
Water Acquisition via Roots
289
1
Water Movement Through Plants
289
1
Transpiration
290
1
Measuring Soil Moisture
291
4
Efficient Water Use by Plants
295
1
Drought Stress
295
1
Flooding and Anaerobiosis
296
1
Acid Deposition
297
3
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Water
300
17
Methods of Evaporative Control
300
1
Types of Farming Systems Based on Water Use
301
2
Irrigation
303
2
Types of Irrigation Systems
305
3
Drainage
308
3
Wind Screens
311
1
Hydroponics
311
1
Hydrophilic Gels
312
5
Nutrients
317
24
Background Information
317
10
Methods of Nutrient Acquisition by Plants
317
1
Essential Plant Nutrients
318
3
Soil pH
321
1
Biogeochemistry
322
5
Effects on Plants
327
2
Critical Nutrient Concentrations
327
1
Crop Removal Values
328
1
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Nutrients
329
12
Adjusting Soil pH
329
1
Nutrient Replacement
330
4
Soil and Tissue Analysis
334
1
Rotations
335
1
Salt Injury
335
2
Phytoremediation
337
4
Soil Organisms
341
20
Background Information
341
11
Microorganisms
341
7
Macroorganisms
348
3
Comparative Organism Activity
351
1
Effects on Plants
352
4
Microorganisms
352
2
Macroorganisms
354
1
Competition for Nutrients
355
1
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Soil Organisms
356
5
Some Generalizations on the Effect of Agricultural Systems on Soil Organisms
356
1
Effect of Planting New Ground
357
1
Disease Control by Soil Management
357
4
Allelochemicals
361
10
Background Information
362
2
Examples
362
2
Effects on Plants
364
4
Classification and Chemical Nature of Allelochemicals
364
1
Physiological Action of Allelochemicals
365
1
Sources and Names of Allelochemicals
366
2
Agricultural Technologies That Affect Allelochemicals
368
3
Weed Control
368
1
Cover Crops
368
1
Plant Autotoxicity
368
3
Appendices
371
14
Appendix A Conversion Factors for International System of Units (SI Units) to and from Non-SI Units
371
4
Appendix B Conversion Factors for Some Commonly Used Non-International System of Units (Non-SI Units)
375
2
Appendix C Some Physical Constants or Values
377
2
Appendix D Some Prefixes Used to Define Multiples of International System of Units (SI Units) Conversions
379
2
Appendix E Compilation of Internet Resources
381
4
Glossary
385
14
Index
399