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Tables of Contents for Cognitive Science
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Contributors
xi
Foreword
xiii
Preface
xv
Coordinate Transformations in the Genesis of Directed Action
C. R. Gallistel
Introduction
1
7
Coordinate Transformations
2
3
Two Contrasting Conceptions
5
3
Directed Limb Movements
8
16
Kinematics
8
3
Dynamics
11
11
Conclusions
22
2
Saccadic Eye Movements
24
13
Integrator Coordinates: A Neurally Imposed Framework
24
5
The Representation of Saccades in the Superior Colliculus
29
8
Concluding Remarks
37
2
References
39
5
Attention
David LaBerge
A Cognitive Neuroscience Framework for Viewing Attention
44
5
Goals of Attention
45
1
Manifestations of Attention
46
2
Problems To Be Solved by Attentional Processing
48
1
Summary of the Present Cognitive Neuroscience Framework for Understanding the Attention Process
49
1
Developmental Issues and Methods in the Study of Visual Attention
49
18
Theory of Orienting
51
1
Brain Models of Visual Orienting
52
2
Enhancements of Activity in Brain Structures Serving Eye Movements
54
1
Enhancement of Activity in Brain Maps of Spatial Location
55
1
Prefrontal Cortical Influences on Visuospatial Orienting
56
1
A Neural View of Attentional Shifts in Visual Space
57
3
Selective Attention in Adults
60
2
Selective Attention in the Child
62
1
Development of Attention to Actions
62
2
Developmental Aging
64
3
The Evolution of Attentional Structures
67
8
Anterior Brain Structures: Attention to Actions
67
2
The Evolution of the Prefrontal Cortex and Attention
69
1
The Evolution of the Supplemental Motor Area and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
70
2
The Evolution of Posterior Brain Structures
72
3
Cultural Influences on Attention
75
2
Computational Conceptualizations and Models of Attention
77
5
Is Attentional Processing Dispensible in Principle?
77
1
Computational Models of Attention
78
2
The Problem of Attentional Maintenance
80
2
Philosophical Approaches to Attention
82
7
Philosophy's Synoptic Perspective
82
1
Philosophical Understanding of Attention
83
1
Philosophy's Geography of Concepts
83
2
Formal Methods of Explanation
85
1
Traditional Philosophical Views of Attention
85
2
Current Philosophical Approaches to Attention
87
2
Final Comment
89
1
References
89
10
Categorization
Douglas L. Medin
Evan Heit
Overview
99
4
Current State of Affairs
99
1
Brief History
100
1
Ecological Validity and Artificial versus Natural Categories
101
2
Summary
103
1
Methods of Inquiry
103
29
Evolutionary
103
5
Philosophical
108
2
Developmental
110
4
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
114
4
Computational
118
13
Neuroscience
131
1
Challenges and Opportunities
132
2
Challenges
132
2
Opportunities
134
1
Acknowledgments
134
1
References
134
11
Reasoning
Kenneth J. Kurtz
Dedre Gentner
Virginia Gunn
Reasoning
145
4
An Introductory Framework
145
1
Kinds of Reasoning
146
3
Reasoning by Formal Systems: Weak Methods
149
17
Reasoning with Propositions: Basic Phenomena
149
2
Rule-Based Theories
151
4
Reasoning by Mental Models
155
5
Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas
160
4
Social Contract Theory
164
2
Reasoning by Similarity: Strong Methods
166
9
Reasoning by Categorization
167
1
Reasoning across Categories: Category-Based Induction
168
4
Statistical Inference
172
1
Reasoning by Heuristics
173
1
Connectionist Inference
174
1
Structural Alignment in Reasoning
175
15
Reasoning by Analogy
175
5
Reasoning by Categories Revisited
180
4
Reasoning by Rules Revisited
184
4
How Do the Different Views of Reasoning Fit Together?
188
2
Summary and Discussion
190
1
References
191
11
Cognitive Development
Susan Carey
Ellen M. Markman
The Nativist--Empiricist Debate
202
15
The Object Concept
203
6
The Origin of Mathematical Knowledge
209
3
The Representation of Number---Continuity or Discontinuity
212
5
Constraints on Learning---Lessons from Ethology
217
2
Constraints on Word Learning
219
2
Lessons about Cognitive Architecture from Developmental Studies of Domain Specificity
221
5
Beyond Innate Constraints---Theory Change, Conceptual Change
226
3
Infant Representations---Perceptual or Conceptual?
229
8
Spelke's Arguments for Conceptual Abilities in Infancy
229
2
Mandler's Arguments for Conceptual Representations in Infancy
231
3
Leslie's View on Conceptual Abilities in Infants
234
2
Perceptual versus Conceptual Representations---Conclusions
236
1
Maturation, Critical Periods, and the ``Less-Is-More'' Hypothesis
237
1
Appeals to Maturation in Explaining Developmental Change
237
3
Critical Periods in Development: Language Acquisition
240
2
Possible Cognitive Benefits of Immaturity: The Less-Is-More Hypothesis
242
6
Language Acquisition
242
4
Perceptual Development
246
1
Inhibition: Development of the Frontal Cortex
246
1
Holistic versus Analytic Approaches to Categorization
247
1
Some Final Concluding Remarks
248
1
References
249
6
The Brain Basis of Syntactic Processes: Architecture, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny
Michael D. Patterson
Benjamin Martin Bly
Introduction
255
1
The Brain Architecture of Syntactic Processes Historical Background
255
25
Separating Syntax from Other Language Subcomponents
257
1
Role of Broca's, Wernicke's, and Other Areas of the Brain in Syntactic Processing
258
1
Role of Broca's and Other Anterior Brain Areas in Syntactic Processing
258
7
Role of Prefrontal Cortex
265
1
Summary of Role of Anterior Areas of Brain in Syntactic Processing
266
2
Role of Posterior Areas in Syntactic Processing
268
1
Nonclassical Areas Involved in Syntactic Processing
269
5
Role of Imaging and Lesion Data in Determining Brain Areas Involved in Syntactic Processing
274
1
General Limitations of Lesion Studies
274
1
Limitations of Using Lesions to Study the Neural Substrates of Syntactic Processing
275
1
Limitations of Imaging Syntactic Processing in the Brain
276
4
Ontogeny of the Neural Substrates of Syntactic Processing
280
9
Evidence from Language Acquisition
281
2
Arguments That Syntax Is Learned by Normal Children with Typical Language Input
283
1
Evidence from Language Acquisition in Children without Typical Language Input
284
3
Language Acquisition in Children with Focal Lesions but Regular Language Input
287
1
Summary of Language Acquisition Studies
288
1
Phylogeny
289
23
Evolutionary Origins of Syntax
289
3
Evidence of Linguistic and Syntactic Precursors in Living Species
292
3
Language Teaching Experiments in Chimps
295
3
Future Ape Language Teaching Study Suggestions
298
1
Origins of the First Words
298
3
Language and Syntax Were Originally Selected for What Survival Purpose?
301
1
Similarity of Categorical Processing and Syntactic Processing
301
2
Role of Theory of Mind in Language and Syntax Development
303
1
Povinelli and Eddy (1996) Experiment
304
1
Critiques of Povinelli and Eddy (1996) Experiment
304
1
Comparison of Processing Used to Maintain Social Relationships and Syntactic Processing
305
2
Link between Tool Use and Syntactic Processing
307
1
Summary of Possible Neural Preadaptions for Syntactic Processing
308
1
Areas of the Brain That Changed to Support Syntactic Processing
308
4
Conclusion
312
1
References
312
9
The Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
Kevin N. Ochsner
Stephen M. Kosslyn
Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience
321
6
The Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
322
3
The Isolable Systems Problem
325
2
Attention
327
6
Subsystems of Attention
328
5
Summary
333
1
High-Level Vision
333
9
Subsystems of High-Level Vision
334
4
Summary and Extensions of the Theory
338
4
Memory
342
12
Perceptual Encoding Subsystems
342
5
Associative Memory
347
1
Information Look-up Subsystem
347
1
Memory Formation Subsystem
348
2
Stimulus--Motor Response Connection Subsystem
350
2
Stimulus--Visceral Response Subsystem
352
1
Summary and Extensions
352
2
Conclusions
354
1
Acknowledgments
355
1
References
355
12
Emotion
George Mandler
Introduction
367
2
What Is an Emotion?
369
1
Definitions and Theories
370
3
Topical Approaches
372
1
Central Issues in the Study of Emotion
373
5
Cognition and Emotion
373
1
Neurophysiology
374
2
Social Construction Views
376
1
Do Facial Expressions Express Emotion?
376
2
The Question of Basic Emotions
378
1
A Personal Interlude
378
2
How Many Emotions?---Do We Need a Cluster of Explanations?
380
2
References
382
3
Index
385