search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Understanding the Light Microscope
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Diagrams in Text
xi
Preface
xv
Simple Ray Optics (The Kohler Program)
1
15
The Need for Approximations in Optics
1
1
A Preliminary Note on Some Conventions and Terminology
2
1
Reflection and Refraction of Rays
2
3
Real and Virtual Images
5
1
The Power of Lens Combinations
6
1
How a Simple Lens Works
6
2
Conjugate Planes
8
1
Functions of the Field and Aperture Diaphragms
9
1
Kohler Vs. `Critical' Illumination
9
1
EPI-Illumination (Incident-Light) Microscopy
10
2
The Kohler Program
12
2
Exercises Using the Program
14
2
Lenses and Lens Aberrations (The Snellius Program)
16
11
Chromatic Aberration
17
1
Spherical Aberration
18
4
Coma
22
1
Astigmatism
22
1
Curvature of the Field
23
1
Distortion
23
1
Chromatic Difference of Magnification
24
1
Types of Objective
25
1
The Snellius Program
26
1
Elementary Diffraction Theory (Mainly Due To Abbe)
27
18
Interference and the Wave Nature of Light
27
2
Diffraction by an Amplitude Grating
29
1
Diffraction by a `Non-Existent' Grating
30
1
Abbe's Theory of Microscopic Image Formation
31
3
Effect of Oblique Coherent Illumination on the Resolution of a Grating
34
1
Extension of the Abbe Theory to Non-Periodic Objects
35
1
The Airy Disc
36
1
Interaction of Coherent and Incoherent Light Waves
37
1
Resolution of Two Point Objects with Coherent and Incoherent Illumination
38
1
Effect of Oblique Coherent Illumination on the Resolution of Two Point Objects
39
1
A Note on Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction Patterns
40
1
Out-of-Focus Images -- Deconvolution and the Becke Line
41
3
Application of Theory to Practice -- Effect of the Sensitivity of the Human Eye
44
1
Extension of the Abbe Theory to Transparent Objects (Zernike's Phase Contrast)
45
11
Practical Phase Contrast
46
2
Terminology of Phase Plates
48
1
A Simple Theory of Ideal Phase Contrast
49
1
A More General Theory of Ideal Phase-Contrast
50
3
Non-Ideal Phase Contrast
53
1
Visualising Phase Objects with Ordinary Bright-Field Microscopy
53
1
Selected Historical Notes
54
2
Function of The Microscope Condenser Partially Coherent Illumination
56
5
Correctly Adjusted Illumination
57
1
Function of the Condenser Aperture Diaphragm (IRIS)
57
3
Focus and Corrections of the Condenser
60
1
Interference Contrast
61
10
Practical Interference Contrast: The Mach--Zehnder System
64
1
Practical Interference Contrast: The Jamin--Lebedeff System
64
2
Practical Interference Contrast: Differential Interference Contrast
66
1
Applications of Shearing Interference Microscopy
67
1
Comparison of Differential Interference Contrast with Oblique Illumination
68
1
Comparison of Interference Contrast and Phase Contrast
68
1
Incident-Light Differential Interference Contrast
69
1
Computer Simulation
69
2
Dark-Field and Related Techniques
71
8
Oblique Illumination
72
2
Symmetrical Peripheral Dark-Field
74
1
Ultramicroscopy
74
1
Rheinberg Illumination
74
1
Central Dark-Field
74
2
Schlieren Microscopy
76
1
Immersion Refractometry and Dispersion Staining
77
2
Gegenfeld
79
3
Principle of Gegenfeld
79
3
`Modulation Contrast'
82
4
Principle of Modulation Contrast
82
4
Apodization
86
4
Definition
86
1
Simulation of Apodization
87
3
Fluorescence
90
8
Exciting and Barrier Filters
91
1
Transmitted Vs. Incident Illumination in Fluorescence Microscopy
91
2
Loss of Light at an Incident-Light Beam-Splitter
93
1
Comparison of Transmitted and Incident-Light Fluorescence Illumination with Low- and High-Aperture Objectives
93
1
Full-Aperture Vs. Dark-Field Illumination
94
1
Fading of Fluorescence
95
1
Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy
95
2
Computer Simulation of Fluorescence
97
1
Confocal Scanning
98
10
Introduction
98
1
Practical Implementation of Confocal Scanning
99
2
Advantages and Some Limitations of Confocal Scanning
101
3
Non-Ideal Confocal Scanning
104
1
Combination of Confocal Scanning with Other Microscopic Techniques
105
1
Explaining `Superresolution' in Confocal Scanning
106
1
Confocal Scanning Simulation in the Zernike Program
107
1
Microdensitometry
108
12
The Bouguer-Beer Law and a Note on Terminology
108
2
Errors in Densitometry and Microdensitometry
110
7
Calibration, Standards, Non-Uniform Background
117
1
Applications of Microdensitometry
118
1
Computer Simulation of Microdensitometry
119
1
Polarized Light (The Nicol Program)
120
23
General Comments on Polarized Light
120
4
Polarized Light Microscope and Accessories
124
6
Types of Anisotropic Object
130
3
The Nicol Program
133
2
Analysis of an Unknown Anisotropic Object
135
4
Suggested Exercises Using the Nicol Program
139
4
How the Zernike Program Works
143
12
Mathematical Representation of Amplitude and Phase, and the Computation of Interference
143
2
The Fourier Transform
145
2
Representation of Finite Objective NA
147
1
Focussing
148
1
Spherical Aberration
149
1
Partially Coherent Illumination
150
1
Some Inherent Limitations of the Program
151
4
How to Use the Zernike Program
155
13
Loading and Running the Program
155
2
Entering Information
157
1
Errors and Error Messages
158
1
Actions of Function Keys
158
1
The Main Menu
159
2
The Imaging System
161
4
Using Parts of the Program in an Arbitrary Order
165
1
Defining an Object with Finite Thickness
165
1
Accessible Program Variables, Arrays and Functions
166
2
Some Suggested Exercises Using the Zernike Program
168
8
Diffraction by an Grating -- Effect of the Grating Interval
169
1
Diffraction by a Transparent Grating
169
1
The Airy Disc
169
1
Resolution -- Effect of Objective NA
170
1
Resolution -- Effect of Incoherent Illumination
170
1
Resolution -- Effect of Oblique Illumination
170
1
Resolution -- Effect of Fluorescence or Confocal Scanning
171
1
Image of an Extended Absorbing Object -- Effect of Coherent Illumination
171
1
Apodization -- Objects of Varying Size or Transmittance
171
1
Transparent Object -- Bright-Field Imaging
172
1
Transparent Object -- Phase Contrast Imaging
172
1
Transparent Object -- Other Methods of Imaging
173
1
Fresnel Diffraction
173
1
Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Double Slit
174
1
The Becke Line
175
1
Bibliography
176
9
Index
185