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Tables of Contents for Advanced Array Systems, Applications and Rf Technologies
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Series Preface
xiii
Preface
xv
List of Abbreviations
xix
Systems and Applications
1
110
Phased Arrays and What They Offer
2
7
Typical phased arrays
3
1
Multiple beams/nulls
4
2
Graceful degradation of performance
6
1
Radiation patterns on demand
7
1
The unattractive characteristics
8
1
Radar Fundamentals and Applications
9
13
Main radar functions
10
3
Applications
13
1
Fire control/mid-course guidance
14
1
Airport traffic control
15
1
Navigation and space flight
15
1
High-resolution systems: SARs and ISARs
15
4
SAR interferometry
19
3
Radioastronomy Aims and Applications
22
5
The aims
23
1
The quest for high spatial resolution
23
1
Compact arrays, VLBI and OVLBI networks
24
2
Applied science radiometric systems
26
1
Searches for extraterrestrial intelligence
27
1
Planetary Radar Astronomy
27
2
Recent developments and discoveries
28
1
The Clementine experiment
28
1
The Subtle Phased Array Attractors
29
2
The nexus between surveillance and tracking
29
1
Radar redefined
30
1
The nexus between spatial resolution and costs
30
1
Radar Systems
31
37
Introduction
31
1
The radar equation
32
1
The RCS of targets
33
1
Atmospheric attenuation
34
1
SNR considerations
35
1
Overview of the radar equation
36
1
Other radar characterizations
36
2
Large time--bandwidth product radars
38
1
LPI radars
39
1
FMCW and FMICW radars
40
1
Staring radars
40
1
Bistatic/multistatic radars
41
1
Target measurements
42
1
Receive station scanning rate
42
1
Distributed array radar
42
1
Limitations of ground-based radars
43
1
Meeting the challenges of low-flying threats
44
1
Over-the-horizon radars
45
1
Airborne early warning radars
45
1
Eternal airplanes/pseudo-satellites
46
1
Two novel approaches
47
1
Optimal frequency bands for radar functions
47
1
The surveillance function
47
1
The tracking function
48
1
A golden mean band for multifunction radars?
48
1
The identification function
49
2
VHF multifrequency/multipolarization radar
51
1
Polarimetric radars
52
2
Hardware requirements
54
1
Depolarization of EM waves
54
1
Instrumental aspects
54
1
Polarimetric radars
55
1
EW aims and systems
55
1
ESM functions/systems
56
1
Active ECM systems
57
1
Passive ECM approaches
58
1
RCS minimization approaches
58
1
Approaches to ECCM
59
1
Broadband arrays: definitions and applications
59
1
Radar arrays: a record of progress
60
8
Radioastronomy Systems
68
20
Discoveries and more discoveries
68
4
Measurements and fundamental quantities
72
1
Thermal radiation
73
1
Flux density and antenna temperature
74
1
Radiometers
75
1
The complementarity of radiotelescopes
76
1
Image formation theory
76
3
Image synthesis applications
79
1
Radioastronomy applications
79
1
Applied science applications
80
1
Minimum-redundancy arrays and applications
81
1
Radioastronomy polarimetric systems
81
1
Image formation by self-calibration
82
1
Radioastronomy arrays: a record of progress
82
6
Variants of Phased Arrays
88
2
Many T/R modules and one aperture
88
1
Some wireless power transmission applications
89
1
Communication systems
90
2
Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite systems
90
1
LEO/MEO satellite systems
91
1
The Importance of Radiofrequency (RF) Subsystems
92
2
The Wider Thrusts
94
6
Microelectromechanical systems
94
1
LightSARs
95
1
HTS-based subsystems
96
1
Electromagnetic missiles
97
1
Contemporary trends
97
1
Post-cold-war environment and technology
97
1
Cost minimization/sharing approaches
98
2
Concluding Remarks
100
11
References
102
9
From Array Theory to Shared Aperture Arrays
111
108
General Considerations
112
1
Linear Arrays
112
31
Uniformly spaced line sources of equal amplitude
113
3
Array grating lobes
116
1
The beamwidth and bandwidth of phased arrays
117
2
Array directivity
119
1
Array SNR gain
119
1
Mutual coupling between antenna elements
120
2
Aperiodic and random arrays
122
3
Random distribution arrays
125
1
Minimum redundancy arrays
126
2
Uniformly spaced line sources of unequal amplitude
128
1
General considerations
129
1
Dolph--Chebyshev synthesis
130
1
Taylor syntheses
131
4
Bayliss synthesis
135
1
Elliott syntheses
136
1
Arbitrary arrays
136
1
Genetic algorithms
137
3
Fractal designs
140
3
Combinational approaches
143
1
Planar Arrays
143
7
A systems view of grating and sidelobes
146
2
Hansen synthesis---circular distribution
148
1
Taylor n synthesis---circular distribution
149
1
Circular/Cylindrical Arrays
150
7
2--18 GHz circular arrays
151
1
Radioastronomy circular arrays
152
4
A one-octave cylindrical array
156
1
3D/2D cylindrical arrays
156
1
Characterization and Realization of Arrays
157
29
Active, passive, and hybrid arrays
157
3
Front-end architectures
160
1
Brick architecture
161
2
Tile architecture
163
1
Single-beam beamforming architectures
163
2
Array G/T ratio and noise figure
165
3
System dynamic ranges
168
1
Modern array synthesis procedures
169
1
The Lee approach
170
1
The Willey approach
171
3
The Frank--Coffman approach
174
1
Other approaches
175
1
Random and quantization errors
175
1
Random errors
176
2
Amplitude, phase, and delay quantization errors
178
2
Realization aspects of important proposals
180
3
Heat management and power supplies
183
1
Heat management
183
1
Power supplies
184
2
Affordable and Low-Cost Arrays
186
3
Approaches to affordable radars
186
3
Wideband Arrays
189
19
Over-the-horizon radar systems
189
2
Phenomenological/technological issues
191
2
Futuristic approaches to wide area surveillance
193
1
Other wideband systems
193
1
Electronic warfare arrays
194
1
A precision ESM system
195
1
The role of FPA non-linearities in wideband arrays
196
1
Proposals for second-generation radiotelescopes
197
1
Shared aperture arrays
198
1
The arguments for systems integration
198
1
The case for shared aperture systems
199
1
The case for independent systems
200
1
The ideal shared aperture array
200
1
US proposals and prototypes
201
4
UK research
205
1
A novel approach
206
2
Concluding Remarks
208
11
References
210
9
Array Antenna Elements
219
64
A Review of Trends and Requirements
220
2
Monopoles/Dipoles
222
1
The tuning of monopoles
222
1
Reflector Systems
223
17
Offset reflectors
226
1
Focal plane imagers
227
2
Proposals for Schmidt radiotelescopes
229
2
Other applications
231
2
Segmented reflectors
233
1
Reflectors utilizing frequency-selective surfaces
234
1
High-quality horns
235
1
Polarization: splitters and processing
236
1
Polarizers
237
2
Polarization processing
239
1
Beamforming Lenses
240
3
Rotman lenses
241
1
Luneberg lenses
242
1
Phased Arrays on Steerable Mounts
243
3
Microstrip/Printed Board Antennas
246
21
Simple patch/dipole antennas
247
3
Array scan blindness
250
3
Performance of simple patch antennas
253
2
The evolution of high-quality antennas
255
1
Integration issues
256
1
Moderate-bandwidth antennas
257
1
The electromagnetically coupled (EMC) patch
257
1
Printed board antennas
258
1
Stacked disk antennas
259
1
Novel dipoles
259
1
Dual-band/Multiband antennas
260
1
Dual-band antennas
260
2
Multiband antennas
262
1
Wideband antennas
262
1
Log-periodic/spiral-mode antennas
262
1
Tapered slotline antennas
263
3
The flared-slot antennas
266
1
Circular disk monopoles
267
1
Superconducting Antennas/Arrays
267
1
Subarrays
268
2
The marginalization of the AQ grating lobes
269
1
Applications
270
1
Polarization Agility and Work in Progress
270
1
Concluding Remarks and a Postscript
271
12
References
274
9
Transmit/Receive Modules
283
42
The Important Issues
283
3
System Issues
286
4
Graceful degradation
287
1
Self-healing arrays
288
1
The implementation of amplitude tapers
289
1
Performance at a cost
290
1
MMIC-based Modules
290
18
Cost minimization approaches
293
1
The MIMIC Program
293
1
End-to-end chip and assembly yields
294
1
The HDMP Program
295
1
The multichip module
296
1
Other important approaches, initiatives and trends
297
High-stability and high-purity oscillators
250
49
Typical low-noise front-ends and power amplifiers
299
5
Programmable phase-shifters/vector modulators
304
1
Digital phase-shifters
305
2
Vector modulators
307
1
Other T/R module components
307
1
Tubes
308
7
Klystrons and traveling-wave tubes
309
2
Miniaturization of vacuum microwave devices
311
1
Electrostatic amplifiers
311
2
Multiple-beam tubes and gyro-klystrons
313
2
The Marriage of Vacuum and Solid-State Technologies
315
1
Vacuum Microelectronic Devices
316
1
Comparisons
317
2
Concluding Remarks
319
6
References
320
5
Beamformers
325
30
The Basic Issues and Some Elaborations
326
1
The Formation of Staring Beams
327
5
Resistive network realizations
327
2
Transmission line realizations
329
1
Blass and Butler matrices
330
2
The Formation of Several Agile/Staring Beams
332
3
Digital Beamformers
335
4
Important system parameters
336
2
Applications
338
1
Photonics and Phased Arrays
339
2
Wideband beamformers
339
1
The generation of staring beams
340
1
Other Beamformers
341
1
Low-cost Phased Arrays
341
6
Self-focusing arrays
342
1
The Hughes arrays
343
1
RADANT-type beam scanners
344
1
The beam tagging technique
345
2
Concluding Remarks
347
8
References
350
5
Index
355