PART I. RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, AND EXPANSION

Chapter One: The Renaissance

Primary Sources

Francesco Petrarch, A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism

Peter Paul Vergerio, On the Liberal Arts

Christine de Pizan, The City of Ladies

Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince

Baldesar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier

Visual Sources

Raphael, The School of Athens: Art and Classical Culture (illustration)

Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride: Symbolism and theNorthern Renaissance (illustration)

Hans Holbein, Wealth, Culture, and Diplomacy (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Peter Burke, The Myth of the Renaissance

Federico Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance

Charles G. Nauert, Northern Sources of the Renaissance

Chapter Two: The Reformation

Primary Sources

John Tetzel, The Spark for the Reformation: Indulgences

Martin Luther, Justification by Faith

Martin Luther, On the Bondage of the Will

Martin Luther, Condemnation of Peasant Revolt

John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination

Constitution of the Society of Jesus

Teresa of Avila, The Way of Perfection

Visual Sources

Luther and the New Testament (illustration)

Sebald Beham, Luther and the Catholic Clergy Debate (illustration)

Peter Paul Rubens, Loyola and Catholic Reform (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Euan Cameron, What was the Reformation?

G.R. Elton, A Political Interpretation of the Reformation

John C. Olin, The Catholic Reformation

Steven E. Ozment, The Legacy of the Reformation

Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert, Women in the Reformation

Chapter Three: Overseas Expansion and New Politics

Primary Sources

Gomes Eannes de Azurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest ofGuinea

Christopher Columbus, Letter to Lord Sanchez, 1493

Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Memoirs: The Aztecs

Jacob Fugger, Letter to Charles V: Finance and Politics

Visual Sources

Frans Fracken II, The Assets and Liabilities of Empire (text andillustration)

The Conquest of Mexico as Seen by the Aztecs (illustration)

Exploration, Expansion, and Politics (maps)

Secondary Sources

Richard B. Reed, The Expansion of Europe

M.L.Bush, The Effects of Expansion on the Non-European World

Gary Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America

PART II. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Chapter Four: War and Revolution: 1560-1660

Primary Sources

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Civil War in France

Richelieu, Political Will and Testament

James I, The Powers of the Monarch in England

The House of Commons, The Powers of Parliament in England

Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, The Hammer of Witches

Visual Sources

Jan Brueghel and Sebastian Vranx, War and Violence (illustration)

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan: Political Order and Political Theory (text andillustration)

Germany and the Thirty Years’ War (maps)

Secondary Sources

Hajo Holborn, A Political Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War

Carl J. Friedrich, A Religious Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ War

M.S. Anderson, War and Peace in the Old Regime

Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War

William Monter, The Devil’s Handmaid: Women in the Age of Reformations

Chapter Five: Aristocracy and Absolutism in the Seventeenth Century

Primary Sources

Philipp W. von Hornick, Austria Over All If She Only Will: Mercantilism

Frederick William, The Great Elector, A Secret Letter: MonarchicalAuthority in Prussia

Saint-Simon, Memoirs: The Aristocracy Undermined in France

John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government: Legislative Power

Visual Sources

The Early Modern Chateau (photo)

Pieter de Hooch, Maternal Care (illustration)

Secondary Sources

G. Durand, Absolutism: Myth and Reality

George Macaulay Trevelyan, The English Revolution, 1688-1689

Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood

Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: The Early Modern Family

Chapter Six: The Scientific Revolution

Primary Sources

Rene Descartes, The Discourse on Method

Galileo Galilei, Letter to Christina of Tuscany: Science and Scripture

The Papal Inquisition of 1633: Galileo Condemned

Sir Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Visual Sources

A Vision of the New Science (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Michael Postan, Why Was Science Backward in the Middle Ages?

Sir George Clark, Early Modern Europe: Motives for the ScientificRevolution

Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, No Scientific Revolution forWomen

Chapter Seven: Politics and Society in the Ancien Regime

Primary Sources

Frederick the Great, Political Testament

Daniel Defoe, The Complete English Tadesman

Anonymous, The Slave Trade

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letter to Lady R., 1716: Women and theAristocracy

Women of the Third Estate

Visual Sources

Jean-Honore Fragonard, Happy Accidents of the Swing (illustration)

Jean Defraine, Act of Humanity (illustration)

C. C. P. Lawson, The Battle of Fontenoy (text and illustration)

The Atlantic Slave Trade (chart)

Secondary Sources

David Brion Davis, Slavery--White, Black, Muslim, Christian

John Roberts, The Ancien Regime: Ideals and Realities

Leonard Krieger, The Resurgent Aristocracy

Jerome Blum, Lords and Peasants

Merry R. Wiesner, Women's Work in Preindustrial Europe

Chapter Eight: The Enlightenment

Primary Sources

Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment

Baron d'Holbach, The System of Nature

Denis Diderot, Prospectus for the Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences

The Philosophe

Voltaire, Philisophical Dictionary: The English Model

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason: Deism

Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract

Visual Sources

Frontispiece of the Encyclopedie (illustration)

Joseph Wright, Experiment with an Air Pump (illustration)

Joseph II of Austria, Propoganda and the Enlightened Monarch (text andillustration)

Secondary Sources

Lester G. Crocker, The Age of Enlightenment

Carl L. Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers

Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, Women in the Salons

PART III: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Chapter Nine: The French Revolution

Primary Sources

Arthur Young, Travels in France: Signs of Revolution

The Cashiers: Discontents of the Third Estate

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

Revolutionary Legislation: Abolition of the Feudal System

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women

The Declaration of Independence

Maximilien Robespierre, Speech to the National Convention--February5, 1794: The Terror Justified

Francois-Xavier Joliclerc, A Soldier's Letters to His Mother:

Revolutionary Nationalism

Visual Sources

Jearut de Bertray: Allegory of the Revolution (illustration)

Internal Disturbances and the Reign of Terror (maps and charts)

Secondary Sources

Georges Lefebvre, The Coming of the French Revolution

Donald M. G. Sutherland, The Revolution of the Notables

Ruth Graham, Loaves and Liberty: Women in the French Revolution

William Doyle, An Evaluation of the French Revolution

Chapter Ten: The Age of Napoleon

Primary Sources

Madame de Remusat, Memoirs: Napoleon's Appeal

Joseph Fouche, Memoirs: Napoleon's Secret Police

Napoleon's Diary

Visual Sources

Jacques Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps (illustration)

Antoine-Jean Gros, Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims at Jaffa (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Louis Bergeron, France Under Napoleon: Napoleon as Enlightened Despot

Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

Bonnie G. Smith, Women and the Napoleon Code

Chapter Eleven: Industrialization and Social Change

Primary Sources

Testimony for the Factory Act of 1833: Working Condition in England

Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil, or the Two Nations: Mining Towns

Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England

Samuel Smiles, Self-Help: Middle-Class Attitudes

Honore de Balzac, Father Goriot: Money and the Middle Class

Elizabeth Poole Sandford, Woman in Her Social and Domestic Character

Visual Sources

Claude Monet, Gare Saint Lazare (illustration)

William Bell Scott, Iron and Coal (illustration)

Illustration from Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong(illustrations)

Industrialization and Demographic Change (maps)

Secondary Sources

Robert L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society: England, theFirst to Industrialize

Peter Stearns and Herrick Chapman, Early Industrial Society: Progress orDecline?

Michael Anderson, The Family and Industrialization in Western Europe

Chapter Twelve: Reaction, Reform, Revolution, and Romanticism:1815-1848

Primary Sources

Prince Klemens von Metternich, Secret Memorandum to Tsar Alexander I,1820: Conservative Principals

The Carlsbad Decrees, 1819: Conservative Repression

Jeremy Bentham, English Liberalism

The Economist, 1851, Liberalism: Progress and Optimism

The First Chartist Petition: Demands for Change in England

Annual Register, 1848, An Eyewitness Account of the Revolutions of 1848in Germany

William Wordsworth, The Tables Turned: The Glories of Nature

Visual Sources

Caspar David Friedrich, Abbey Graveyard in the Snow (illustration)

Rene de Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity (text)

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People: Romanticism and Liberalism (illustration)

Honore Daumier, Working Class Disappointments: Rue Transnonain, April 15,1834 (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Hajo Holborn, The Congress of Vienna

E. K. Bransted and M. J. Melhuish, Western Liberalism

Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851

John Weiss, The Revolutions of 1848

Chapter Thirteen: The National State, Nationalism, and Imperialism:1850-1914

Primary Sources

Otto von Bismarck, Speeches on Pragmatism and State Socialism

Giuseppe Mazzini, The Duties of Man

Heinrich von Treitschke, Militant Nationalism

Friedrich Fabri, Does Germany need Colonies?

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden

Royal Niger Company, Controlling Africa: The Standard Treaty

Visual Sources

George Harcourt, Imperialism Glorified (illustration)

American Imperialism in Asia: Independence Day 1899 (illustration)

Imperialism in Africa (maps)

Secondary Sources

Raymond Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity: Nationalism,Liberalism, and Conservatism

Eric J. Hobsbawn, The Age of Empire

Carlton J.H. Hayes, Imperialism as Nationalistic Phenomenon

Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire

Margaret Strobel, Gender and Empire

Chapter Fourteen: Culture, Thought, and Society: 1850-1914

Primary Sources

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man

Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: Liberalism and Social Darwinism

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty

Our Sisters, Women as Chemists [Pharmacists]

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto

Anna Maier, Socialist Women: Becoming a Socialist

Emmeline Pankhurst, Why We Are Militant

Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors

Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century:Racism

Richard Wagner, Judaism in Music: Anti-Semitism

Visual Sources

Eastman Johnson, The hatch Family: The Upper Middle Class (illustration)

The Ages of Woman (illustration)

Kathe Kollwitz, Lunch Hour: The Working Class (illustration)

Leon Frederick, The Stages of a Workers' Life (illustration)

Secondary Sources

F. H. Hinsley, The Decline of Political Liberalism

Adam B. Ulam, The Unfinished Revolution: Marxism Interpreted

Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, European Women

PART IV: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: 1914 TO THE PRESENT

Chapter Fifteen: War and Revolution: 1914-1920

Primary Sources

Evelyn Blucher, The Home Front

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est: DisillusionmentProgram of the Provisional Government in Russia

V. I. Lenin, April Theses: The Bolshevik Opposition

V. I. Lenin, Speech to the Petrograd Soviet--November 8, 1917: TheBolsheviks in Power

Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points

Visual Sources

World War I: The Front Lines (photo)

World War I: The Home Front and Women (photo and charts)

Revolutionary Propaganda (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Roland N. Stromberg, The Origins of World War I:Militant Patriotism

Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, Germany and the Coming of War

Gordon A. Craig, The Revolution in War and Diplomacy

Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, Women, Work, and World War I

Arthur Walworth, Peace and Diplomacy

Robert Service, The Russian Revolution

Chapter Sixteen: Democracy, Depression, and Instability: The 1920sand 1930s

Primary Sources

Erich Maria Remarque, The Road Back

Lilo Linke, Restless Days

Heinrich Hauser, With Germany's UnemployedProgram of the Popular Front--January 11, 1936

Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses

Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents

Visual Sources

George Grosz, Decadence in the Weimar Republic (illustration)

Unemployment and Politics in the Weimar Republic (charts)

Unemployment during the Great Depression, 1930-1938 (chart)

Unemployment and the Appeal to Women (illustration)

Secondary Sources

Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914: Dissillusionment

R. H. S. Crossman, Government and the Governed: The Interwar Years

James M. Laux, The Great Depression in Europe

Chapter Seventeen: Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism

Primary Sources

Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism

Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet

Guida Diehl, The German Woman and National Socialism [Nazism]

Eugene Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The Nazi Elite

Bruno Bettelheim, The Informed Heart: Nazi Concentration Camps

Fred Baron, Witness to the Holocaust

Joseph Stalin, Problems of Agrarian Policy in the U.S.S.R.: SovietCollectivization

Joseph Stalin, Report to the Congress of Soviets, 1936: Soviet Democracy

Visual Sources

Richard Spitz, Nazi Mythology (illustration)

K. I. Finogenov, Socialist Realism (illustration)

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, 1919-1937 (map)

Secondary Sources

H.R. Kedward, Fascism in Western Europe

F. L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism

Klaus P. Fischer, Hitler and Nazism

Daniel J. Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners

Stephen J. Lee, Dictatorship in Russia: Stalin's Purges

Chapter Eighteen: World War II and the Postwar World

Primary Sources

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

B. N. Ponomaryov, The Cold War: A Soviet Perspective

Jens Reich, The Berlin Wall

Harry W. Laidler, British Labor's Rise to Power

The General Assembly of the United Nations, Declaration AgainstColonialism

The Balfour Declaration, U.N. Resolution 242, and A Palestinian Memoir: Israel,Palestine, and the Middle East

Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex

Redstockings, A Feminist Manifesto

Visual Sources

The Destruction of Europe (map)

The Cold War and European Integration (map)

Decolonization in Asia and Africa (map)

Televised Violence (photo)

Jackson Pollock, Number 1 (illustration and text)

Secondary Sources

George F. Kennan, Appeasement at Munich Attacked

A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War: AppeasementDefended

Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms

James L. Gormly, Origins of the Cold War

Dag Hammarskjold, The Positive Role of the United Nations in a SplitWorld

Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth

Chapter Nineteen: The Present in Perspective

John Lukacs, The Short Century--It's Over

Raymond L. Garthoff, The End of the Cold War

Robert Heilbroner, After Communism: Causes for the Collapse

Carol Skalnik Leff, The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe

Robert J. Donia, War in Bosnia and Ethnic Cleansing

Modernization: The Western and Non-Western Worlds (photo)

Samuel P. Huntington, Terrorism and the Clash of Civilizations

Niall Ferguson, The Future after 9-11-01

Thomas L. Friedman, Globalization

J. R. McNeill, Ecological Threats