The Western Humanities, 5/e

PrefaceIntroduction: Why Study Cultural History? A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts

Chapter 1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS

Prehistory and Early CulturesThe Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms The Cradle of Civilization Writing Religion Literature Personal Perspective: ''A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son'' Law Art and ArchitectureThe Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values Religion Writing and Literature Personal Perspective: ''The Instruction of Amenemope'' ArchitectureSculpture, Painting, and Minor ArtsHeirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian EmpiresThe Legacy of Early Near Eastern CivilizationsKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 1 HighlightsWindows on the World: 5000 - 500 B.C.

Chapter 2AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGE

Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000 - 1300 B.C.Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900 - 1100 B.C.Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100 - 800 B.C.The Archaic Age, 800 - 479 B.C. Political, Economic, and Social Structures The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens The Persian WarsThe Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form Religion Epic Poetry Personal Perspective: Sappho, ''He Seems to Be a God''; Alcaeus, ''Longing for Home and Drinking Song'' Lyric Poetry Natural Philosophy Architecture SculptureThe Legacy of Archaic Greek CivilizationKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 2 Highlights

Chapter 3CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE

General Characteristics of Hellenic CivilizationDomestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of MacedoniaThe Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece Theater: Tragedy Features of the Greek Theater Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art Tragic Drama Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Theater: Comedy Music History Natural Philosophy The Pre-Socratics The Sophists The Socratic Revolution Plato Aristotle Architecture Sanctuaries The Temple: The Perfection of the Form Personal Perspective: Xenophon, ''Secrets of a Successful Marriage'' SculptureThe Legacy of Hellenic CivilizationKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 3 HighlightsWindows on the World: 500 - 300 B.C.

Chapter 4CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE

The Stages of Hellenistic History The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States The Arrival and Triumph of RomeThe Cities of Hellenistic Civilization Pergamum Alexandria in Egypt Personal Perspective: Theocritus, ''Getting to the Concert on Time''The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World Drama and Literature Philosophy and Religion Cynicism Skepticism Epicureanism Stoicism Fate and the Mystery Cults Architecture The Corinthian Temple The Altar Sculpture Rhodes: Late Hellenistic StyleThe Legacy of the Hellenistic WorldKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 4 Highlights

Chapter 5ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

The Colossus of the Mediterranean World General Characteristics of Roman Civilization The Etruscan and Greek Connections Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C. The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C. The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C. The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C. The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C. Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284 Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193 Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur Roman Religion Language, Literature, and Drama The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C. The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200 Personal Perspective: Marcus, Son of Cicero, ''Changing My Ways'' The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200 Philosophy Stoicism Neo-Platonism Law The Visual Arts Architecture Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages Sculpture Painting and Mosaics MusicThe Legacy of Pre-Christian RomeKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 5 HighlightsWindows on the World: 300 B.C. - A.D. 500

Chapter 6JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Judaism The People and Their Religion Egypt, Exodus, and Moses The Kingdom of Israel The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period The Hellenistic and Roman Periods Societal and Family Relationships Personal Perspective: Flavius Josephus, ''The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem'' The Bible Early Jewish Art and ArchitectureChristianity The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament Christians and Jews Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies Christians in the Roman Empire Personal Perspective: Vibia Perpetua, ''Account of Her Last Days Before Martyrdom'' Early Christian Literature Early Christian ArtThe Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early ChristianityKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 6 Highlights

Chapter 7THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST

The Last Days of the Roman Empire Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395 The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration Early Christian Developments Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476 Personal Perspective: Paulina, ''Epitaph for Agorius Praetextatus''The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization Literature, Theology, and History The Fathers of the Church Personal Perspective: St. Jerome, ''Secular Education; The Fall of Rome'' Church History The Visual Arts Architecture Sculpture Painting and Mosaics MusicThe Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453 History of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism The Orthodox Religion Law and History Architecture and MosaicsThe Early Medieval West The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages Christianity: Leadership and Organization Personal Perspective: Anna Comnena, ''The Arrival of the First Crusade in Constantinople''; Liudprand of Cremona, ''A Mission to the Byzantine Court'' Literature, History, and Learning Music Architecture Painting: Illuminated ManuscriptsThe Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval WestKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 7 HighlightsWindows on the World: 500-1000

Chapter 8THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517

Muhammad, The ProphetImperial Islam The Post-Muhammad Years The Umayyad Dynasty The Abbasid Dynasty The Seljuk Turk Empire Imperial DeclineIslam as Religion Encounter: An International Community of ScholarsMedieval Islamic Culture Scholarship Literature Poetry Prose Art and Architecture Architecture Painting Personal Perspective: Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Marketing a Product'' MusicThe Legacy of Medieval IslamKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 8 Highlights

Chapter 9THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

Feudalism The Feudal System and the Feudal Society Peasant Life The Rise of Towns The Feudal Monarchy The French Monarchy The English Monarchy The Holy Roman Empire The Papal MonarchyMedieval Christianity and the Church Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian EuropeansChristian Beliefs and Practices Religious Orders and Lay Piety Personal Perspective: Abelard and Heloise, ''My Sorrow and My Loss''The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular Learning and Theology Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism Peter Abelard The Rise of the Universities Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas Literature Monastic and Feudal Writing Vernacular and Courtly Writing Dante Architecture and Art Romanesque Churches and Related Arts Gothic Churches and Related Arts Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194 High Gothic Style, 1194-1300 MusicThe Legacy of the Christian CenturiesKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingChapter 9 HighlightsWindows on the World: 1000 - 1300

Chapter 10THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300 - 1500

Hard Times Come to Europe Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War Depopulation, Rebellion, and Industrialization The Secular Monarchies The Papal MonarchyThe Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages Religion Personal Perspective: Henry Knighton,''Political and Religious Rebels'' Theology, Philosophy, and Science The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna Duns Scotus and William of Ockham Developments in Science Literature Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer French Literature: Christine de Pizan Art and Architecture Late Gothic Architecture Late Gothic Sculpture Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends Illuminated Manuscripts The Print New Trends in Italy: Giotto Flemish Painting: Jan Van Eyck and Hans Memling MusicThe Legacy of the Late Middle AgesKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingSuggestion for ListeningChapter 10 HighlightsWindows on the World: 1300 - 1500

**Chapter 11THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400 - 1494

The Renaissance: Schools of InterpretationEarly Renaissance History and Institutions Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance Florence, the Center of the Renaissance The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling Personal Perspective: Laura Cereta, ''Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women'' Thought and Philosophy Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting Artistic Ideals and Innovations Architecture Sculpture Painting MusicThe Legacy of the Early RenaissanceKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingSuggestion for ListeningChapter 11 Highlights

**Chapter 12THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494 - 1564

The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529 Charles V and the Hapsburg EmpireEconomic Expansion and Social DevelopmentsFrom High Renaissance to Early Mannerism Literature Gaspara Stampa Castiglione Machiavelli Painting Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian The School of Parma: Parmigianino Sculpture Personal Perspective: Giorgio Vasari, ''Michelangelo Has the Last Word'' Architecture MusicThe Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early MannerismKey Cultural TermsSuggestions for Further ReadingSuggestions for ListeningChapter 12 Highlights

APPENDIXWriting for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay ExaminationsGLOSSARYCREDITSINDEX