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Tables of Contents for Power and Choice
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xv
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xvii
PART I INTRODUCTION
3
18
1 Politics: Setting the Stage
3
18
POLITICS
4
1
POLITICS AS THE MAKING OF COMMON DECISIONS
5
1
POLITICS AS THE EXERCISE OF POWER
6
1
IMPLICIT AND MANIFEST POWER
7
3
POLITICS AND POWER
10
1
POWER AND CHOICE
11
2
POLITICS OF THE STATE
13
1
POLITICAL SCIENCE
14
2
THE PLEASURES OF POLITICS
16
5
PART II THE STATE AND PUBLIC POLICY
21
88
2 The Modern State
21
25
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STATE
23
2
THE ORIGIN OF STATES
25
2
NATIONALISM
27
1
GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE
28
2
"STATE" AND "NATION"
30
4
CHALLENGES TO THE STATE
34
1
SOME POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
35
2
THE WEST, THE EAST, AND THE SOUTH
37
9
Example: State Building in Nigeria
39
2
Example: State Building in the European Union
41
5
3 Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy
46
19
AMERICAN IDEOLOGIES
47
2
LIBERALISM
49
2
THE CONSERVATIVE REACTION
51
3
THE SOCIALIST ALTERNATIVE
54
4
COMMUNISM AND SOCIALISM
58
1
FASCISM
59
1
THE GREAT IDEOLOGIES IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY
60
1
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THROUGH THE AGES
61
4
4 Policies of the State
65
22
WHAT DO GOVERNMENTS DO?
69
4
DEFENSE POLICY
73
1
EDUCATION
74
1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
75
2
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
77
2
REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
79
1
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
80
2
THE PLACE OF POWER IN POLICY ANALYSIS
82
5
Example: Norway's Program to Encourage Norwegian-Language Publications
83
2
Example: Economic Development Compared with "Human Development"
85
2
5 Political Choices: The Problems of Fairness and Efficiency
87
22
FAIRNESS AND THE PROBLEM OF JUSTICE
87
3
OTHER ASPECTS OF FAIRNESS
90
3
EFFICIENCY
93
2
MODES OF DECISION: INCREMENTAL VS. RADICAL
95
1
MODES OF DECISION: AUTHORITY VS. THE MARKET
96
5
CONCLUSION
101
8
Examples: Political Choice
102
7
PART III THE CITIZEN AND THE REGIME
109
52
6 Authority and Legitimacy: The State and the Citizen
109
20
LEGITIMACY AND AUTHORITY
111
1
SOURCES OF LEGITIMACY
111
3
THE "DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN"
114
2
HOW WELL ARE THESE REQUIREMENTS MET?
116
4
POLITICAL CULTURE
120
1
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
121
8
Example: Building Authority and Legitimacy in West Germany after World War II
123
2
Example: Declining Democratic Legitimacy in the United States
125
4
7 Democracy and Its Recent Surge in the World
129
14
THE MOVE TO DEMOCRACY
130
1
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
130
2
THE END OF HISTORY?
132
2
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
134
9
Example: Democratization in Spain
137
2
Example: Fragile Democratization in Peru
139
4
8 Autocratic Government
143
18
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
145
2
WHY AREN'T THERE MORE MILITARY GOVERNMENTS?
147
2
ONE-PARTY STATES
149
1
"COURT" POLITICS
150
1
"POWER AND CHOICE" AGAIN
151
1
CONCLUSION
152
9
Example: Civilian Participation in Nigeria's First Military Regime
152
2
Example: "Court" Politics in Nazi Germany
154
7
PART IV THE APPARATUS OF GOVERNANCE
161
160
9 Constitutions and the Design of Government
161
18
VARIATIONS IN FORMALITY
162
1
THE VIRTUE OF VAGUENESS
162
1
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN
163
4
THE GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION OF POWER
167
1
"FEDERAL" AND "UNITARY" STATES
168
1
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN "UNITARY" AND "CENTRALIZED" STATES
169
2
HOW MUCH CENTRALIZATION IS GOOD?
171
1
"CONSTITUTIONALISM"
172
7
Example: Constitutional Government in Great Britain
174
2
Example: Constitutional Government in Russia
176
3
10 Elections
179
20
ELECTIONS AS A MEANS OF BUILDING SUPPORT
180
3
ELECTIONS AS A MEANS OF SELECTING LEADERS AND POLICIES
183
1
ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
183
5
REFERENDUMS
188
1
ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION
188
2
THE PARADOX OF PARTICIPATION
190
2
THE BASES OF INDIVIDUALS' ELECTORIAL CHOICE
192
7
Example: Proportional Representation Elections in Israel
195
1
Example: Elections in Nigeria
196
3
11 Parties: A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics
199
23
THE POLITICAL PARTY
199
1
ORIGINS OF THE MODERN PARTY
200
2
POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE MOBILIZATION OF THE MASSES
202
1
POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RECRUITMENT AND SOCIALIZATION OF LEADERS
202
2
POLITICAL PARTIES AS A SOURCE OF POLITICAL IDENTITY
204
3
POLITICAL PARTIES AS A CHANNEL OF CONTROL
207
1
PARTY ORGANIZATION
208
2
PARTY FINANCE
210
2
POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEMS
212
4
CONCLUSION
216
6
Example: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1917-1991)
216
3
Example: Mexico's Dominant Party System
219
3
12 Structured Conflict: Interest Groups and Politics
222
24
INTEREST GROUPS AND REPRESENTATION
223
5
TYPES OF INTEREST GROUPS
228
3
TACTICS OF INTEREST GROUPS
231
5
PATTERNS OF INTEREST-GROUP ACTIVITY
236
1
PLURALISM
237
1
NEOCORPORATISM
238
1
POWER AND CHOICE
239
7
Example: Interest Groups in France
240
2
Example: Interest Groups in Japan: Attenuated Neocorporatism
242
4
13 National Decision-Making Institutions: Parliamentary Government
246
19
CABINET CONTROL
248
1
WHAT DOES A PARLIAMENT DO?
249
3
THE LIFE OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT
252
1
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
253
1
EXCEPTIONS TO PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY
254
1
PARLIAMENTS IN AUTOCRATIC SYSTEMS
255
1
CONCLUSION
256
9
Example: Parliamentary Government in India
257
4
Example: Parliamentary Government in Germany
261
4
14 National Decision-Making Institutions: Presidential Government
265
20
PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS COMPARED
267
1
GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
268
1
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS AND COMPREHENSIVE POLICY
269
1
RECRUITMENT OF EXECUTIVE LEADERS
269
2
REVIEW AND CONTROL OF THE EXECUTIVE
271
1
THE SPLIT EXECUTIVE OF PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
272
2
WHY AREN'T ALL DEMOCRACIES PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS?
274
1
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF POWER
275
2
A NOTE ON CONSTITUTIONS AND POWER
277
8
Example: Presidential Government in France
279
3
Example: Presidential Government in Mexico
282
3
15 Bureaucracy and the Public Sector
285
19
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A POLITICAL PROBLEM
286
2
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
288
1
"BUREAUCRACY": A REFORM OF THE LAST CENTURY
289
1
BUREAUCRACY VS. FLEXIBILITY
290
1
THE PROBLEM OF PROTECTED INCOMPETENCE
291
1
ADJUSTMENTS TO BUREAUCRACY
292
2
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIVENESS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
294
1
CORRUPTION
295
3
CONCLUSION
298
6
Example: The French Bureaucracy
298
2
Example: The Saudi Arabian Bureaucracy
300
1
Example: Batting the Bureaucracy in Brazil
301
3
16 Law and the Courts
304
17
ANGLO-SAXON CASE LAW
305
1
CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN CODE LAW
306
1
RELIGIOUS LAW: THE SHARIA
307
2
THE BLENDING OF CASE LAW AND CODE LAW
309
2
COURTS
311
10
Example: The Law in China
313
2
Example: The European Court of Justice
315
6
PART V INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
321
22
17 Politics among States
321
22
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM SINCE WORLD WAR II
321
2
THE NEW WORLD ORDER
323
5
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
328
1
THE ABSENCE OF CENTRAL AUTHORITY
329
2
FIDUCIARY POLITICAL ROLES AND INTERNATIONAL MORALITY
331
2
IMPEDIMENTS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
333
1
POWER AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
333
3
POWER AND CHOICE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
336
1
CONCLUSION
337
1
A PERSONAL NOTE
337
6
Example: A Failure of the New World Order: Ethnic Conflict in Rwanda
338
5
Appendix: Principles of Political Analysis
343
6
FALSIFIABILITY
343
1
WHAT MAKES A STATEMENT INTERESTING?
344
1
CAUSATION AND EXPLANATION
345
2
HISTORICAL EXPLANATION
347
1
A NEW COMMON PITFALLS IN ANALYSIS
347
2
GLOSSARY
349
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
357
14
INDEX
371