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Tables of Contents for Research Methods in Social Relations
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART ONE Introduction
1
38
1 Acquiring Social Knowledge: Scientific and Ordinary Knowing
3
17
The Place of Values in Social Research
5
1
Contestability in Social and Physical Sciences
6
1
Ordinary Knowing
7
9
Toward a Science of Social Relations
16
2
Summary
18
2
2 Examining Social Relations Research
20
19
The Purposes of Social Relations Research
21
6
Criteria for Evaluating Social Relations Research
27
3
Maximizing Construct Validity
30
2
Maximizing Internal Validity
32
3
Maximizing External Validity
35
1
Summary
36
3
PART TWO Logic of Research
39
104
3 Measurement: From Abstract Concepts to Concrete Representations
41
27
Gossamer Concepts and Concrete Definitions
42
1
Why Operational Definitions Are Always Necessary and Often Inadequate
43
3
Measurement Presupposes Theory
46
3
Components of an Observed Score
49
2
Reliability
51
2
Validity
53
8
Scales
61
4
Construct Validity of Manipulated Variables
65
1
Summary
66
2
4 Randomized Experiments
68
32
Controlling and Manipulating Variables
69
3
Random Assignment
72
2
Independent Variables that Vary within and between Subjects
74
1
Threats to Internal Validity
75
4
Examples of Randomized Experiments
79
5
Alternative Experimental Designs
84
11
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Randomized Experiments
95
3
Summary
98
2
5 Quasi-Experimental and Survey Research Designs
100
28
Examples of Quasi-experimental and Survey Designs
102
3
Alternative Designs
105
13
Matching as a Mistaken Strategy in Quasi Experimentation
118
6
Introduction to the Analysis of Surveys and Quasi Experiments
124
2
Summary
126
2
6 Logic of Sampling
128
15
Some Basic Definitions and Concepts
130
4
Nonprobability Sampling
134
2
Probability Sampling
136
3
Concluding Remarks on the Two Kinds of Sampling
139
2
Sampling Elements Other than People
141
1
Summary
142
1
PART THREE Conduct of Research
143
124
7 Scaling
145
26
Advantages of Multiple-Item Scaling
147
1
Rating Scales for Quantifying Judgments
148
7
Multiple-Item Scales
155
14
Scaling and "Level of Measurement"
169
1
Summary
169
2
8 Laboratory Research
171
30
Essential Characteristics of Laboratory Research
172
6
Types of Laboratory Study
178
4
Artifact and Artificiality
182
8
Elements of a Laboratory Study
190
9
Conclusions
199
1
Summary
200
1
9 Practical Sampling
201
12
Three Basic Probability Sampling Methods
202
7
Two Examples of Sampling Plans for a National Survey
209
3
Summary
212
1
10 Questionnaires and Interviews: Overview of Strategies
213
15
Modes of Data Collection
215
9
Outline of Procedures in Questionnaire Research
224
2
Summary
226
2
11 Questionnaires and Interviews: Asking Questions Effectively
228
39
Question Content
229
5
Question Wording
234
10
Question Sequence
244
3
Special Techniques for Sensitive Content
247
6
Interviewing
253
7
Less Structured Interviews
260
4
Summary
264
3
PART FOUR Research in Natural Settings
267
84
12 Observational and Archival Data
269
29
Naturalness in Research
270
4
Observation
274
13
Archival Data
287
9
Summary
296
2
13 Qualitative Research: Field Work and Participant Observation
298
23
A Note on Terminology
299
1
Field Workers' Strategies
299
5
Gathering Data
304
5
Analyzing Data
309
8
Generalizations from Field Work
317
1
Ethical Issues
318
1
Summary
319
2
14 Applied and Evaluation Research
321
30
Introduction: Applied versus Basic Research
322
1
Varieties of Applied Research
323
6
Varieties of Evaluation Research
329
9
The Politics of Applied and Evaluation Research
338
5
Can We Afford Not to Do Applied Research?
343
5
Summary
348
3
PART FIVE Data Analysis
351
100
15 Coding Data and Describing Distributions
353
20
The Data Matrix
354
4
The Code Book
358
2
Describing the Distributions of Variables
360
11
Summary
371
2
16 Describing Relationships Between Variables
373
35
Relationships between Dichotomous Variables
374
6
Relationships between Continuous Variables
380
12
Relationships between a Continuous Variable and a Dichotomous Variable
392
4
Inferring Relationships in Populations from Sample Data
396
7
Interpreting Relationships
403
2
Summary
405
3
17 Controlling for Third Variables
408
17
Partial Relationships with Contingency Tables
411
3
Partial Relationships with Continuous Variables
414
4
Partial Relationships with Continuous and Dichotomous Variables
418
3
Inferences about Partial Relationships
421
2
Summary
423
2
18 Meta-Analysis
425
26
Introduction
427
2
Defining the Hypothesis Test
429
2
Retrieving the Studies
431
2
Retrieving Statistical Tests of the Hypothesis
433
5
Retrieving Predictors of Study Outcomes
438
2
Meta-Analytic Statistical Techniques
440
7
Conclusions
447
1
Summary
448
3
PART SIX Communication of Research and Ethics
451
78
19 Writing the Research Report
453
24
Some Preliminary Considerations
454
3
Introduction
457
3
Method
460
3
Results
463
5
Discussion
468
2
Summary or Abstract
470
1
References
470
1
Appendix
471
1
Some Suggestions on Procedure and Style
472
4
Summary
476
1
20 Ethical Implications
477
52
Why Ethical Issues Arise in Research with Human Beings
478
2
Balancing the Costs of Questionable Practices against the Potential Benefits of the Research
480
5
Questionable Practices Involving Research Participants
485
29
Responsibilities to Research Participants after Completion of the Research
514
10
Ethical Issues in the Utilization of Research
524
4
Summary
528
1
Bibliography
529
31
Name Index
560
6
Subject Index
566