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Tables of Contents for Analytical Chemistry
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
1 What Is Analytical Chemistry?
1
18
1A The Role of Analytical Chemistry
2
2
1B Classifying Quantitative Analytical Methods
4
1
1C Stepping Through a Typical Quantitative Analysis
5
5
1D An Integral Role for Chemical Analysis: Feedback Control Systems
10
9
FEATURES
1-1 Deer Kill: A Case Study Illustrating the Use of Analytical Chemistry to Solve a Problem in Toxicology
12
7
Section I The Tools of Analytical Chemistry
19
158
2 The Tools of Analytical Chemistry
21
40
2A Selecting and Handling Reagents and Other Chemicals
22
1
2B Cleaning and Marking Laboratory Ware
23
1
2C Evaporating Liquids
24
1
2D Measuring Mass
24
7
2E The Equipment and Manipulations Associated with Weighing
31
4
2F The Equipment and Manipulations for Filtration and Ignition
35
6
2G Measuring Volume
41
9
2H Calibrating Volumetric Ware
50
2
2I The Laboratory Notebook
52
2
2J Using Spreadsheets in Analytical Chemistry
54
5
2K Safety in the Laboratory
59
2
3 Important Chemical Concepts: Expressing Quantities and Concentrations
61
18
3A Some Important Units of Measurement
61
4
3B Solutions and Their Concentrations
65
8
3C Chemical Stoichiometry
73
3
3D Questions and Problems
76
FEATURES
3-1 Distinguishing between Mass and Weight
63
3-2 Atomic Mass Units and the Mole
64
3-3 Another Approach to Example 3-2
66
4 The Basic Approach to Chemical Equilibrium
79
24
4A The Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solutions
79
4
4B Chemical Equilibrium
83
18
WEB WORKS
101
1
4C Questions and Problems
101
FEATURES
4-1 Amphiprotic Species
81
4-2 Stepwise and Overall Formation Constants for Complex Ions
86
4-3 Why [H(2)O} Does Not Appear in Equilibrium-Constant Expressions for Aqueous Solutions
87
4-4 Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs
93
4-5 The Method of Successive Approximations
97
5 Errors in Chemical Analyses: How Certain Can We Be?
103
14
5A Defining Terms
104
4
5B Systematic Errors
108
8
WEB WORKS
116
1
5C Questions and Problems
116
1
6 Random Error: How Certain Can We Be?
117
32
6A The Nature of Random Errors
117
3
6B Treating Random Errors with Statistics
120
19
6C The Standard Deviation of Computed Results
139
3
6D Reporting Computed Data
142
4
WEB WORKS
146
1
6E Questions and Problems
146
FEATURES
6-1 Flipping Coins: A Student Activity to Illustrate a Normal Distribution
121
6-2 How Do You Calculate Those Areas under a Curve?
124
6-3 The Significance of Number of Degrees of Freedom
126
6-4 Equation for Calculating Pooled Standard Deviations
134
7 Statistical Analysis: Evaluating the Data
149
28
7A Confidence Limits
149
4
7B Statistical Aids to Hypothesis Testing
153
4
7C Detecting Gross Errors
157
3
7D Analyzing Two-Dimensional Data: The Least Squares Method
160
13
WEB WORKS
172
1
7E Questions and Problems
173
4
Section II Principles and Applications of Chemical Equilibria
177
210
8 Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
179
25
8A Properties of Precipitates and Precipitating Reagents
180
11
8B Drying and Ignition of Precipitates
191
1
8C Calculating Results from Gravimetric Data
192
2
8D Applications of Gravimetric Methods
194
7
WEB WORKS
201
1
8E Questions and Problems
201
FEATURES
8-1 Specific Surface Area of Colloids
187
9 Electrolyte Effects: Activity or Concentration?
204
17
9A Effects of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria
204
3
9B Activity Coefficients
207
12
WEB WORKS
219
1
9C Questions and Problems
219
FEATURES
9-1 Mean Activity Coefficients
211
10 How Equilibrium Calculations Can Be Applied to Complex Systems
221
25
10A Solving Multiple-Equilibrium Problems by a Systematic Method
222
4
10B Calculating Solubilities by the Systematic Method
226
6
10C Separating Ions by pH Control: Sulfide Separations
232
12
WEB WORKS
244
1
10D Questions and Problems
244
FEATURES
10-1 Algebraic Expressions Needed to Calculate Solubility of CaC(2)O(4) Water
231
10-2 Immunoassay: Equilibria in the Specific Determination of Drugs
235
11 Titrations: Taking Advantage of Stoichiometric Reactions
246
19
11A Some General Aspects of Volumetric Titrimetry
247
2
11B Standard Solutions
249
1
11C Volumetric Calculations
250
8
11D Titration Curves
258
3
WEB WORKS
261
1
11E Questions and Problems
261
FEATURES
11-1 The Factor-Label Approach to Example 11-6
255
11-2 How Did We Calculate the Volumes of NaOH Shown in the First Column of Table 11-1?
260
12 Principles of Neutralization Titrations: Determining Acids, Bases, and the pH of Buffer Solutions
265
38
12A What Solutions and Indicators Are Used?
265
4
12B Calculating pH in Titrations of Strong Acids and Strong Bases
269
7
12C Buffer Solutions
276
11
12D Calculating pH in Weak Acid Titrations
287
6
12E Calculating pH in Titrations of Weak Bases
293
4
12F How Do Buffer Solutions Change as a Function of pH?
297
2
WEB WORKS
299
1
12G Questions and Problems
299
FEATURES
12-1 Constructing Titration Curves from the Charge-Balance Equation
274
12-2 How Many Significant Figures Should We Retain in Titration Curve Calculations?
275
12-3 Applying the Systematic Method to Buffer Calculations
277
12-4 The Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
278
12-5 Acid Rain and the Buffer Capacity of Lakes
282
12-6 Determining Dissociation Constants for Weak Acids and Bases
291
12-7 Determining the pK Values for Amino Acids
295
13 Titrating Polyfunctional Acids and Bases
303
24
13A Polyfunctional Acids
303
1
13B Describing Polyfunctional Bases
303
2
13C Finding the pH of Solutions of Amphiprotic Salts
305
3
13D Constructing Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Acids
308
6
13E Drawing Titration Curves for Polyfunctional Bases
314
3
13F The Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH
317
7
WEB WORKS
324
1
13G Questions and Problems
324
FEATURES
13-1 Combining Equilibrium-Constant Expressions
304
13-2 How Was Equation 13-3 Generated?
306
13-3 The Dissociation of Sulfuric Acid
314
13-4 Titration Curves for Amino Acids
316
13-5 A General Expression for Alpha Values
318
14 Applying Neutralization Titrations
327
18
14A Reagents for Neutralization Titrations
327
6
14B Typical Applications of Neutralization Titrations
333
7
WEB WORKS
340
1
14C Questions and Problems
340
FEATURES
14-1 Determining Total Serum Protein
334
14-2 Other Methods for Determining Organic Nitrogen
335
15 Complexation and Precipitation Titrations: Taking Advantage of Complexing and Precipitating Agents
345
42
15A Forming Complexes
345
6
15B Titrations with Inorganic Complexing Agents
351
8
15C Organic Complexing Agents
359
2
15D Titrations with Aminocarboxylic Acids
361
22
WEB WORKS
382
1
15E Questions and Problems
383
FEATURES
15-1 Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide in Acrylonitrile Plant Streams
353
15-2 Species Present in a Solution of EDTA
362
15-3 EDTA as a Preservative
364
15-4 How Can Masking and Demasking Agents Be Used to Enhance the Selectivity of EDTA Titrations?
381
15-5 Test Kits for Water Hardness
382
Section III Electrochemical Methods
387
158
16 Elements of Electrochemistry
389
30
16A Characterizing Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
389
5
16B Electrochemical Cells
394
3
16C Electrode Potentials
397
19
WEB WORKS
415
1
16D Questions and Problems
416
FEATURES
16-1 Balancing Redox Equations
391
16-2 The Daniell Gravity Cell
396
16-3 Why We Cannot Measure Absolute Electrode Potentials
401
16-4 Sign Conventions in the Older Literature
411
16-5 Why Are There Two Electrode Potentials for Br(2) in Table 16-1?
413
17 Using Electrode Potentials
419
25
17A Calculating Potentials of Electrochemical Cells
419
4
17B Calculating Redox Equilibrium Constants
423
5
17C Constructing Redox Titration Curves
428
11
17D Oxidation/Reduction Indicators
439
2
17E Potentiometric End Points
441
1
WEB WORKS
441
1
17F Questions and Problems
442
FEATURES
17-1 Biological Redox Systems
424
18 Applying Oxidation/Reduction Titrations
444
27
18A Auxiliary Oxidizing and Reducing Reagents
444
2
18B Applying Standard Reducing Agents
446
4
18C Applying Standard Oxidizing Agents
450
17
WEB WORKS
466
1
18D Questions and Problems
467
FEATURES
18-1 Determination of Chromium Species in Water Samples
453
18-2 Antioxidants
458
19 Potentiometry: Measuring Concentrations of Ions and Molecules
471
37
19A General Principles
471
1
19B What Reference Electrodes Are Used?
472
2
19C Dealing with Liquid-Junction Potentials
474
1
19D Indicator Electrodes
475
18
19E Instruments for Measuring Cell Potential
493
1
19F Direct Potentiometry
493
6
19G Following Titrations by Potentiometry
499
6
WEB WORKS
505
1
19H Questions and Problems
505
FEATURES
19-1 An Easily Constructed Liquid-Membrane Ion-Selective Electrode
487
19-2 Point-of-Care Testing: Blood Gases and Blood Electrolytes with Portable Instrumentation
490
20 A Brief Look at Some Other Electroanalytical Methods
508
37
20A How Does Current Affect the Potential of Electrochemical Cells?
509
6
20B Are Electrolytic Methods Selective?
515
1
20C Electrogravimetric Methods: Weighing the Deposit
516
6
20D Coulometric Methods of Analysis
522
9
20E Voltammetry
531
8
20F Some Additional Electroanalytical Methods
539
1
WEB WORKS
540
1
20G Questions and Problems
540
FEATURES
20-1 Overvoltage and the Lead-Acid Battery
515
Section IV Spectrochemical Analysis
545
92
21 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis: Making Measurements with Light
547
25
21A Light: A Particle, a Wave, or Both?
548
2
21B How Radiation and Matter Interact
550
5
21C Absorbing Light
555
13
WEB WORKS
568
1
21D Questions and Problems
568
FEATURES
21-1 Spectroscopy and the Discovery of Elements
554
21-2 Why Is a Red Solution Red?
565
22 Instruments for Measuring Absorption: Is It a Photometer, a Spectrophotometer, or a Spectrometer?
572
22
22A Instrument Components
572
14
22B UV/Visible Photometers and Spectrophotometers
586
4
22C Infrared Spectrophotometers
590
2
WEB WORKS
592
1
22D Questions and Problems
592
FEATURES
22-1 Gratings Rule 57
23 Applying Molecular and Atomic Spectroscopic Methods: Shedding More Light on the Subject
594
43
23A Applying Ultraviolet/Visible Molecular Absorption Methods
595
16
23B Absorbing Infrared Radiation: Good Vibrations
611
4
23C Assessing Errors in Spectrophotometry
615
1
23D Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy
616
9
23E Molecular Scattering Methods
625
1
23F Atomic Spectroscopy
626
6
WEB WORKS
631
1
23G Questions and Problems
632
FEATURES
23-1 Infrared Photometers for Routine Determination of Atmospheric Pollutants
614
23-2 How Is Fluorescence Related to Concentration?
620
23-3 Use of Fluorescence Probes in Neurobiology: Probing the Enlightened Mind
622
23-4 Mercury and Its Determination by Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
628
Section V Separation Methods
637
82
24 An Introduction to Analytical Separations
638
29
24A Masking
638
1
24B Precipitation and Filtration
639
1
24C Separating Species by Distillation
639
1
24D Separating Solutes by Extraction
640
4
24E Separating Ions by Ion Exchange
644
2
24F Chromatographic Separations
646
17
WEB WORKS
663
1
24G Questions and Problems
663
FEATURES
24-1 Derivation of Equation 24-2
641
24-2 What Is the Source of the Terms Plate and Plate Height?
658
25 Gas-Liquid and High-Performance Fluid Chromatography
667
33
25A Gas-Liquid Chromatography
667
16
25B High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
683
12
25C High-Performance Liquid Chromatography versus Gas-Liquid Chromatography
695
3
WEB WORKS
698
1
25D Questions and Problems
698
FEATURES
25-1 Use of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry to Identify a Drug Metabolite in Blood
679
25-2 Buckyballs: The Chromatographic Separation of Fullerenes
696
26 Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoresis, and Capillary Electrochromatography
700
19
26A Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography
700
5
26B Capillary Electrophoresis
705
10
26C Capillary Electrochromatography
715
3
WEB WORKS
717
1
26D Questions and Problems
718
1
Section VI Selected Methods of Analysis
719
27 Selected Methods of Analysis
721
27A An Introductory Experiment
723
5
27B Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
728
4
27C Neutralization Titrations
732
8
27D Precipitation Titrations
740
1
27E Complex-Formation Titrations with EDTA
741
2
27F Titrations with Potassium Permanganate
743
6
27G Titrations with Iodine
749
3
27H Titrations with Sodium Thiosulfate
752
3
27I Titrations with Potassium Bromate
755
2
27J Potentiometric Methods
757
5
27K Electrogravimetric Methods
762
2
27L Methods Based on the Absorption of Radiation
764
4
27M Atomic Spectroscopy
768
2
27N Separating Cations by Ion Exchange
770
2
27O Gas-Liquid Chromatography
772
WEB WORKS
773
Appendix 1 Solubility Product Constants at 25^(Degree)C
A-1
2
Appendix 2 Acid Dissociation Constants at 25^(Degree)C
A-3
2
Appendix 3 Formation Constants of Complex Compounds at 25^(Degree)C
A-5
2
Appendix 4 Standard and Formal Electrode Potentials
A-7
3
Appendix 5 Use of Exponential Numbers and Logarithms
A-10
5
Appendix 6 Volumetric Calculations Using Normality and Equivalent Weight
A-15
8
Appendix 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations of Significance in Analytical Chemistry
A-23
2
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
A-25
Glossary
G-1
Index
I-1