Between 1880 and 1903 George Gissing wrote 23 novels. His early works were naturalistic and later he wrote in a realistic style. Gissing is considered to be a late Victorian author. The year of the jubilee celebrated the 15th anniversary of Queen Victoria's reign.

This book addresses one of the oldest and most contested questions in the field of criminal sentencing: Should an offender's previous convictions affect the sentence, and how? As well, this question provokes a series of others: Is it possible to justify a discount for first offenders within a retributive sentencing framework? How should previous convictions enter into the sentencing equation? At what point should prior misconduct cease to count for the purposes of fresh sentencing? Should similar previous convictions count more than convictions unrelated to the current offense? Statutory sentencing regimes around the world incorporate provisions which mandate harsher treatment of repeat offenders. Although there is an extensive literature on the definition and use of criminal history information, the emphasis here is on the theoretical and normative aspects of considering previous convictions at sentencing. Several authors explore the theory underlying the practice of mitigating the punishments for first offenders, while others put forth arguments for enhancing sentences for recidivists. The practice of sentencing repeat offenders in two jurisdictions - England/Wales and Sweden - is also examined in detail. This book is invaluable reading for members of the criminal bar and academics who teach the law of evidence.

Product Description: Career Criminals in Society examines the small but dangerous group of repeat offenders who are most damaging to society. The book encourages readers to think critically about the causes of criminal behavior and the potential of the criminal justice system to reduce crime...read more

This highly controversial new book considers how the dangerous offender has become such a figure of collective anxiety for the citizens of rationalised Western societies. The authors consider:* ideas of danger and social threat in historical perspective* legal responses to violent criminals* attempts to predict dangerous behaviour* why particular groups, such as women, remain at risk from violent crime.This inspired collection invites us to rethink the received wisdom on dangerous offenders, and will be of interest to students and scholars in the fields of criminology and the sociology of Risk.

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Product Description: The concept of professional crime enjoys a certain ambiguity within academic and popular culture, often overlapping with studies of organized crime, white-collar crime and, more recently, related sub-groups such as drugs and youth gangs...read more