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Tables of Contents for Mushroom Biology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xix
Part I. Mushroom Biology
1
9
Chapter 1. Introduction to Mushroom Biology
1
9
A. What are mushrooms
4
1
B. Where are mushrooms found
4
2
C. Importance of mushrooms
6
5
1. In nature
6
1
2. As food for man
6
2
3. As tonics and medicines
8
2
Part II. Concise Basics of Fungi as Background for Mushroom Biology
10
76
Chapter 2. Classification
10
4
A. Various kingdoms
10
1
B. Distinguishing characteristics of various fungal taxons
10
2
C. Groups of fungi which produce mushrooms
12
2
Chapter 3. Biology of Fungi
14
72
A. Structure
14
17
1. Cellular organization
14
10
a. Filamentous fungi - the hypha
14
10
Organelles
15
2
Septa
17
1
Secondary mycelium of Basidiomycetes
17
3
Cell walls
20
3
Membranes
23
1
b. Unicellular fungi
24
1
2. Specialized vegetative structures
24
1
a. Appressoria
24
1
b. Haustoria
25
1
c. Sclerotia
25
1
d. Rhizomorphs
25
1
3. Specialized reproductive structures
25
6
a. Sexual
25
4
b. Nonsexual
29
2
B. Chemical composition of fungal cells
31
5
1. Chemical differences
31
1
2. Proximate values
32
1
3. Useful generalizations
33
2
4. Procedure for chemical analysis
35
1
C. Growth
36
29
1. Problems of measurement
36
1
2. Kinetics of growth
37
1
a. Unicellular forms
37
1
b. Mycelial fungi
38
1
3. Mycelial systems
38
2
a. Hyphal tip growth
38
1
b. Hyphal branching
39
1
c. Hyphal fusion
40
1
4. Nutritional requirements for growth
40
4
a. Essential elements
40
3
Oxygen
40
1
Carbon
41
1
Nitrogen
41
1
Sulfur
42
1
Phosphorus
42
1
Potassium
42
1
Magnesium
42
1
Trace elements
43
1
b. Vitamins
43
1
Thiamine
43
1
Biotin
44
1
Others
44
1
5. Physical requirements for growth and development
44
5
a. Hydrogen ion concentration
45
1
b. Temperature
45
2
c. Moisture
47
1
d. Light
47
1
e. Aeration
48
1
f. Gravity
48
1
6. Metabolism
49
4
a. Carbon
49
1
b. Respiration
50
2
c. Nitrogen
52
1
Amino acid biosynthesis
53
1
Nitrogen metabolites
53
1
7. Reproduction
53
10
a. Nonsexual
54
3
Reproductive methods
54
1
Heterokaryosis
55
1
Parasexuality
56
1
b. Sexual
57
3
Homothallism
57
1
Heterothallism
58
1
Hormonal control
59
1
c. By spores
60
3
8. Mode of nutrition in nature
63
2
a. Saprophytism
63
1
b. Parasitism
64
1
D. Genetics of fungi
65
21
1. Mutants as genetical markers
65
1
2. Genome karyotypes determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis
65
1
3. Mitochondrial genetics
66
1
4. Sexuality and mating reactions
67
9
a. Bipolar or unifactorial systems
68
1
b. Tetrapolar or bifactorial systems
69
1
c. Concept of primary homothallism
69
1
d. Basis of secondary homothallism in Agaricus bisporus
70
1
e. Formation of heterothallic fruiting bodies in bipolar systems
70
2
Pattern of A. bitorquis & P. nameko
71
1
f. Formation of heterothallic fruiting bodies in tetrapolar systems
72
4
Pattern of S. commune & L. edodes
72
2
Pattern of Pleurotus spp.
74
2
5. Mating type genes
76
1
6. Transformation in mushrooms
77
1
7. Parasexual process in mushrooms
77
3
8. Breeding of edible mushrooms
80
6
a. The empirical approach
80
1
b. Controlled genetic hybridization
81
1
c. Use of genetic markers
82
4
Part III. General Principles of Production of Mushrooms and Mushroom Products
86
33
Chapter 4. Introduction
86
11
Chapter 5. Mushroom Science
97
6
A. Definition
97
1
B. Contributing fields
97
2
1. Microbiology
97
1
2. Fermentation
98
1
3. Environmental engineering
98
1
C. Phases of Mushroom technology
99
4
1. Acceptable spawn
99
1
2. Selection of a fruiting culture
99
1
3. Development of spawn
99
1
4. Preparation of compost
100
1
5. Choice of proper spawn
101
1
6. Spawning
101
1
7. Spawn running
101
1
8. Mushroom development
101
1
9. Environmental engineering
102
1
10. Management and marketing
102
1
Chapter 6. Mushroom Biotechnology
103
16
A. Definition
103
1
B. Historical beginning
103
1
C. Applications of biotechnology
104
15
1. Bioconversion of organic wastes into edible protein
104
1
2. Spent compost
105
2
a. As fodder for livestock
105
1
b. As soil conditioner and fertilizer
106
1
c. In bioremediation
106
1
3. Medicinal components of mushrooms
107
3
a. Nutraceuticals
108
1
b. Nutriceuticals
108
1
c. Pharmaceuticals
109
1
4. Scientific studies suggested by observed medicinal properties
110
9
a. Anti-tumor
110
4
b. Anti-viral
114
1
c. Hypocholesterolemic
114
1
d. Antibiotic
115
1
e. Anti-inflammatory
115
2
f. Tonic
117
2
Part IV. Current Developments in Mushroom Biology
119
39
Chapter 7. Worldwide Trends Over the Past Decade
119
24
A. Introduction
119
1
B. Availability of more species of edible mushrooms in sizeable amounts
119
11
1. The "Big Six" mushrooms
119
5
2. The non "Big-Six" mushrooms
124
1
3. Total world production of mushrooms
124
6
a. Pleurotus
129
1
b. Auricularia
129
1
c. Tremella
130
1
d. Flammulina
130
1
C. Development of medicinals
130
3
1. Introduction
130
1
2. Ganoderma lucidum
130
1
3. Coriolus versicolor
131
1
4. Lentinula edodes
132
1
5. Other mushrooms
132
1
D. Cultivation techniques
133
8
1. Introduction
133
1
2. Developments in Agaricus
134
2
a. In Taiwan
134
1
b. In Indonesia
134
2
c. Composting
136
1
3. Cultivation of some specific mushrooms
136
3
a. Morchella
136
1
b. Dictyophora
137
1
c. Hericium
138
1
d. Efforts with mycorrhizal mushrooms
138
1
4. Improvements in bag cultivation
139
1
5. Centralized production of compost and marketing for small farms
140
1
E. Acceptance in Western world of more species
141
1
F. International Symposia
141
2
1. Establishment of concept of Mushroom Biology
141
2
a. Recognition of nutritional and medicinal value of mushrooms
141
2
Chapter 8. Current Activities
143
15
A. Selected applications in Mushroom Biology
143
3
1. Gains in Pleurotus
143
1
2. Specialty mushrooms in the United States
143
1
3. Regulation of fruiting - ecological and physiological studies
144
2
4. Improvement of mushroom strains
146
1
B. Applications in Mushroom Science
146
3
1. Bioconversion
147
1
2. Production
147
1
3. Upgrading of waste material utilization
148
1
C. Applications in Mushroom Biotechnology
149
2
1. Medicinals
149
1
2. Commercial production of enzymes
150
1
D. Additional Research Activities
151
4
1. Utilization of methods of Molecular Biology
151
3
a. Taxonomic studies - distinguishing species and strains
151
1
b. Demonstration of genetic variation in natural populations
152
1
c. Demonstration of genetic variation in germplasm collections
152
1
d. Linkage studies
153
1
e. Confirmation of crosses
153
1
f. Patent labeling
154
1
g. Breeding
154
1
2. Establishment of networks to advance the mushroom industry
154
1
E. Looking to the Future
155
3
1. Mushroom Science
156
1
2. Mushroom Biotechnology
156
2
Part V. Appendix
158
8
A. Basic information of specific mushrooms
158
4
B. 1994 figures on production of cultivated edible mushrooms
162
2
C. Protocol for obtaining Ganoderma quality products
164
2
References
166