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Tables of Contents for Providing Protection for Plant Genetic Resources
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Abbreviations
xiii
Introduction
1
3
Patent Regulations to Protect Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Varieties
4
25
General Introduction
4
1
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in the United States
5
6
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in Europe
11
4
The International Intellectual Property System
15
13
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
15
2
Patent Co-operation Treaty
17
1
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
18
1
Introduction
18
1
Patentable Subject Matter
19
4
Rights and the Patent Holder
23
1
Burden of Proof
24
1
TRIPs Implementation
25
1
Conclusion
26
2
General Conclusion
28
1
Breeders' Rights Under the UPOV
29
15
General Introduction
29
1
UPOV 1978
30
4
Introduction
30
1
Conditions Required for Protection
30
1
Scope of Protection
31
2
Double Protection
33
1
Duration of Protection
34
1
Conclusion
34
1
UPOV Act of 1991
34
4
Introduction
34
1
Conditions for the Grant of the PBRs
34
1
Scope of Protection
35
2
Double Protection
37
1
Duration of Protection
37
1
Conclusion
38
1
Differences and Similarities Between PBRS and Patent Rights
38
2
Plant Piracy in Australia
40
2
General Conclusion
42
2
FAO Global System for the Conservation and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
44
24
General Introduction
44
2
The International Undertaking
46
15
Introduction
46
1
Definition of and Access to PGRs
46
2
Annexes to the International Undertaking
48
1
FAO Resolution 4/89
49
2
FAO Resolution 5/89
51
2
FAO Resolution 3/91
53
4
Revision of International Undertaking
57
1
International Code of Conduct for Plant Germplasm Collecting and Transfer
58
2
Conclusion
60
1
Examples of Cases Involving Farmers and Biotechnology Companies
61
7
Introduction
61
1
Neem Tree
62
1
``Terminator Technology''
63
1
Conclusion
64
4
General Conclusion
68
1
Alternative Sui Generis Systems to Protect Plants, Plant Varieties and Associated Traditional Knowledge
68
24
General Introduction
68
1
Sui Generis System on the International Level
68
12
Introduction
68
1
Sui Generis Systems Based on Intellectual Property Rights other than Patents
69
1
Trademarks
69
2
Geographic Indications
71
1
Trade Secrets
72
2
UNESCO/WIPO Model Provisions for National Laws on Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions
74
3
Organisation of African Unity Draft Model Legislation on Community Rights on Access to Biological Resources
77
2
Conclusion
79
1
Sui Generis System on the National Level
80
9
Introduction
80
1
Sui Generis System Combining Patents and Plant Breeders' Rights
80
1
Thammasat Resolution
81
1
Discoverer's Rights
82
3
Convention of Farmers and Breeders
85
3
Conclusion
88
1
General Conclusion
89
3
Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Balancing the Interests of the Scientific Traditional Communities
92
23
General Introduction
92
1
Objectives of the CDB
93
13
Introduction
93
1
Conservation of Biodiversity
94
4
Sustainable Use of The Components of Biological Diversity
98
3
Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Utilisation of its Components
101
5
Conclusion
106
1
Mechanisms Available for States to Negotiate the Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Use of Their Biodiversity
106
4
Introduction
106
1
Prior Informed Consent
107
1
Mutually Agreed Contracts
108
1
Conclusion
109
1
Comprehensive National Biodiversity Legislation-Costa Rica
110
3
Definition of Biodiversity
110
1
Objectives
111
1
Access To Genetic Resources
112
1
Conclusion
112
1
General Conclusion
113
2
Biopartnerships
115
22
General Introduction
115
1
Global Inequity
116
1
Biopartnerships
117
3
Introduction
117
2
Biopartnership Contracts
119
1
Biopartnership Case-Studies
120
14
Introduction
120
1
Merck-INBio Agreement
121
2
Sustainable Development Treaties between the Netherlands and Costa Rica, Bhutan and Benin
123
3
The Bioresources Development and Conservation Program
126
3
ICBG Biopartnership Project in Suriname
129
2
The Genetic Resources Recognition Fund of the University of California, Davis
131
2
Conclusion
133
1
General Conclusion
134
3
The Effects of International Regimes in Brazil
137
30
General Introduction
137
1
Social Equality, Environmental and Intellectual Property Protection in the Brazilian Constitution
137
3
Patent Law
140
5
Introduction
140
1
General Principles
141
1
Patentable Subject Matter
141
2
``Prior User'' Concept
143
1
Term of Protection
144
1
Conclusion
144
1
Plant Variety Protection Law
145
4
Biosafety Regulations
149
6
Introduction
149
1
Biosafety Law
149
1
Transgenic Soya Case
150
2
Labelling Genetically Modified Foods
152
2
Conclusion
154
1
Proposed Legislation to Regulate Access to Brazil's Genetic Resources and Derived Products
155
10
Introduction
155
1
Objectives of Bill 306/95
156
2
Scope of Bill 306/95
158
1
Who Can Access Brazil's Genetic Resources
158
1
Access Contracts
159
1
Responsible Organ for Access Proceedings
160
1
Pre-established Requirements of the Access Contracts
161
3
Conclusion
164
1
General Conclusion
165
2
Brazilian Biopartnerships
167
18
General Introduction
167
1
Access to Plant Genetic Resources of Plants of Traditional Spiritual Value: Case-Study the Ayahuasca Plants
167
8
Introduction
167
1
Access Bills and Access to the Sacred Plants Mariri and Chacrona
168
7
Conclusion
175
1
POEMA: Program Poverty and Environment in Amazonia
175
1
Sanitation and Nutrition
175
1
Agriculture in Layers, Commercialisation of Forest Products and BIOPartnerships
176
3
Conclusion
179
1
Building the Scenery of Traditional Knowledge
179
5
Introduction
179
1
The Scenery System
180
3
Conclusion
183
1
General Conclusion
184
1
Final Conclusion
185
5
Bibliography
190
13
Index
203
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