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Tables of Contents for Providing Protection for Plant Genetic Resources
Patent Regulations to Protect Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Varieties
4
25
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in the United States
5
6
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in Europe
11
4
The International Intellectual Property System
15
13
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property15
2
Patent Co-operation Treaty17
1
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights18
1
Introduction18
1
Patentable Subject Matter19
4
Rights and the Patent Holder23
1
Burden of Proof24
1
TRIPs Implementation25
1
Conclusion26
2
Breeders' Rights Under the UPOV
29
15
Introduction30
1
Conditions Required for Protection30
1
Scope of Protection31
2
Double Protection33
1
Duration of Protection34
1
Conclusion34
1
Introduction34
1
Conditions for the Grant of the PBRs34
1
Scope of Protection35
2
Double Protection37
1
Duration of Protection37
1
Conclusion38
1
Differences and Similarities Between PBRS and Patent Rights
38
2
Plant Piracy in Australia
40
2
FAO Global System for the Conservation and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
44
24
The International Undertaking
46
15
Introduction46
1
Definition of and Access to PGRs46
2
Annexes to the International Undertaking48
1
FAO Resolution 4/8949
2
FAO Resolution 5/8951
2
FAO Resolution 3/9153
4
Revision of International Undertaking57
1
International Code of Conduct for Plant Germplasm Collecting and Transfer58
2
Conclusion60
1
Examples of Cases Involving Farmers and Biotechnology Companies
61
7
Introduction61
1
Neem Tree62
1
``Terminator Technology''63
1
Conclusion64
4
Alternative Sui Generis Systems to Protect Plants, Plant Varieties and Associated Traditional Knowledge
68
24
Sui Generis System on the International Level
68
12
Introduction68
1
Sui Generis Systems Based on Intellectual Property Rights other than Patents69
1
Trademarks69
2
Geographic Indications71
1
Trade Secrets72
2
UNESCO/WIPO Model Provisions for National Laws on Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions74
3
Organisation of African Unity Draft Model Legislation on Community Rights on Access to Biological Resources77
2
Conclusion79
1
Sui Generis System on the National Level
80
9
Introduction80
1
Sui Generis System Combining Patents and Plant Breeders' Rights80
1
Thammasat Resolution81
1
Discoverer's Rights82
3
Convention of Farmers and Breeders85
3
Conclusion88
1
Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Balancing the Interests of the Scientific Traditional Communities
92
23
Objectives of the CDB
93
13
Introduction93
1
Conservation of Biodiversity94
4
Sustainable Use of The Components of Biological Diversity98
3
Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Utilisation of its Components101
5
Conclusion106
1
Mechanisms Available for States to Negotiate the Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Use of Their Biodiversity
106
4
Introduction106
1
Prior Informed Consent107
1
Mutually Agreed Contracts108
1
Conclusion109
1
Comprehensive National Biodiversity Legislation-Costa Rica
110
3
Definition of Biodiversity110
1
Objectives111
1
Access To Genetic Resources112
1
Conclusion112
1
Introduction117
2
Biopartnership Contracts119
1
Biopartnership Case-Studies
120
14
Introduction120
1
Merck-INBio Agreement121
2
Sustainable Development Treaties between the Netherlands and Costa Rica, Bhutan and Benin123
3
The Bioresources Development and Conservation Program126
3
ICBG Biopartnership Project in Suriname129
2
The Genetic Resources Recognition Fund of the University of California, Davis131
2
Conclusion133
1
The Effects of International Regimes in Brazil
137
30
Social Equality, Environmental and Intellectual Property Protection in the Brazilian Constitution
137
3
Introduction140
1
General Principles141
1
Patentable Subject Matter141
2
``Prior User'' Concept143
1
Term of Protection144
1
Conclusion144
1
Plant Variety Protection Law
145
4
Biosafety Regulations
149
6
Introduction149
1
Biosafety Law149
1
Transgenic Soya Case150
2
Labelling Genetically Modified Foods152
2
Conclusion154
1
Proposed Legislation to Regulate Access to Brazil's Genetic Resources and Derived Products
155
10
Introduction155
1
Objectives of Bill 306/95156
2
Scope of Bill 306/95158
1
Who Can Access Brazil's Genetic Resources158
1
Access Contracts159
1
Responsible Organ for Access Proceedings160
1
Pre-established Requirements of the Access Contracts161
3
Conclusion164
1
Brazilian Biopartnerships
167
18
Access to Plant Genetic Resources of Plants of Traditional Spiritual Value: Case-Study the Ayahuasca Plants
167
8
Introduction167
1
Access Bills and Access to the Sacred Plants Mariri and Chacrona168
7
Conclusion175
1
POEMA: Program Poverty and Environment in Amazonia
175
1
Sanitation and Nutrition175
1
Agriculture in Layers, Commercialisation of Forest Products and BIOPartnerships
176
3
Conclusion179
1
Building the Scenery of Traditional Knowledge
179
5
Introduction179
1
The Scenery System180
3
Conclusion183
1
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