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Tables of Contents for Infrared Space Astronomy, Today and Tomorrow
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Lecturers
xi
Participants
xiii
Preface
xvii
Preface
xxi
Contents
xxv
Some Quantitative Aspects of Galactic and Extragalactic Infrared Astronomy
1
28
M. Harwit
Introduction
3
1
Energy dissipation in cosmic clouds
3
1
Impurities
4
2
Population of excited states
6
1
Cooling rates
7
3
Grains and ices
10
2
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
12
1
Grain formation
13
2
Cooling of dense clouds by grain radiation
15
1
The Sunyaev--Zel'dovich effect
16
1
The diffuse extragalactic background, cosmic metallicity, and star formation
17
2
Background observations
19
1
Contributions from discrete sources
20
1
Star formation rates, metallicity, and energy production
21
3
Must most of the energy production have occurred at low red shifts z?
24
3
A Single star burst at red shift z
24
1
Continuous formation of massive stars
25
1
Low-mass stars
26
1
Directly observed star formation
26
1
The epoch from which the bulk of the integrated background radiation reaches us
27
2
Overview of the ISO Mission
29
34
M. F. Kessler
Introduction
31
1
ISO satellite
32
4
Satellite design
32
3
Satellite observing modes
35
1
Satellite in-orbit performance
35
1
Instrument payload
36
10
Overview of instruments
36
1
The ISO camera: ISOCAM
37
2
The ISO imaging photopolarimeter: ISOPHOT
39
3
The ISO short wavelength spectrometer: SWS
42
2
The ISO long wavelength spectrometer: LWS
44
2
Orbit
46
1
Operations
46
4
Operations design
46
2
Observing time
48
1
Operations performance
49
1
Scientific highlights
50
1
The ISO legacy
51
10
ISO data is general
51
1
The ISO data archive
52
3
Using the ISO data archive
55
4
Software tools and overall documentation
59
1
Plans until end 2001
60
1
Conclusions
61
2
Data Analysis with ISOCAM
63
26
J. L. Stark
Introduction
65
2
ISOCAM data calibration
67
9
Cosmic ray impact suppression
67
3
Dark subtraction for the LW channel
70
1
Flat field correction
71
1
Stabilization
72
1
Jitter
73
1
Field of view distortion correction
73
3
Source detection in ISOCAM images
76
5
Introduction
76
1
Source detection from the wavelet transform
77
2
ISOCAM faint source detection: The PRETI method
79
1
Introduction
79
1
Calibration from pattern recognition
79
2
Example
81
1
Image restoration using the wavelet transform
81
6
Image filtering
81
2
Image deconvolution
83
4
Conclusion
87
2
ISO Observations of Solar-System Objects
89
62
T. Encrenaz
Introduction
92
3
Mars
95
7
Giant planets
102
20
The D/H ratio
106
3
The stratospheres of the giant planets
109
1
External source of oxygen in the giant planets
109
3
Detection of stratospheric hydrocarbons
112
3
Fluorescence emissions in the stratospheres of Jupiter and Saturn
115
1
The tropospheres of the giant planets
115
2
The 2.7 p.m. window
117
2
The 7 -- 11 p.m. spectrum of Jupiter and Saturn
119
1
The far-infrared spectrum of Saturn
119
1
The 5-p.m. spectral window
120
2
Pluto
122
1
Titan
123
3
Galilean satellites
126
3
Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01)
129
4
Short-period comets
133
4
Cometary trails
137
2
Distant comets and Kuiper-Belt objects
139
1
Asteroids
139
4
Zodiacal light
143
1
Conclusions and perspectives
143
8
Stars and Galactic Structure
151
42
H. Habing
The complex objects called stars: Well known and still puzzling
153
2
Outline of these notes
155
1
Red and Brown dwarfs: Stars of very low mass
155
8
Calculations of the structure of M-dwarfs and brown giants
156
4
How they look like: Spectra of red and brown dwarfs
160
1
The search for red and brown dwarfs: Strategies and results
161
2
Luminosity function
163
1
Main-sequence stars: Debris disks and planets
163
7
The ``Vega-effect''
163
3
The discovery of planets
166
2
Remnant disks as observed by ISO
168
2
Red giants
170
15
Basic properties of red giants: RGB and AGB stars and later episodes
170
4
Recent calculations of stellar structure and stellar evolution
174
1
Ab-initio models of the evolution of AGB stars taking mass loss into account
175
1
``Synthetic'' models of the evolution of AGB stars taking mass loss into account
175
4
And what about double stars?
179
1
The impact of new observations, especially, but not exclusively, by ISO
179
6
AGB stars in our Milky Way and in the Magellanic Clouds
185
2
Concluding remarks
187
6
Star Formation
193
58
A. Natta
Introduction
197
1
Collapse of molecular cores
198
9
Giant molecular clouds and cores
198
1
Conditions for collaspe
199
3
Free-fall collapse
202
1
Cloud collapse
202
1
Free-fall accretion
202
1
Collapse of an isothermal sphere of gas
203
2
Collapse of a slowly rotating core
205
2
Observable properties of protostars
207
6
Evidence of infall from molecular line profiles
207
1
SEDs of protostars
208
3
The line spectrum of a protostar
211
2
Protostellar and pre-main-sequence evolution
213
3
The protostellar phase
213
1
Pre-main-sequence evolution
213
1
The birthline
214
2
Circumstellar disks
216
7
Accretion disks
216
1
Properties of steady accreation disks
217
1
The velocity field
217
2
Timescales
219
1
Temperature profile and luminosity
219
1
Density structure
220
1
Reprocessing disks
221
1
Disk-star interaction
222
1
SEDs of disks
223
7
Power-law disks
223
1
Long-wavelength flux and disk mass
224
2
Comparison with TTS observations: Heating mechanism
226
1
Flared disks
226
1
Heating by halos
226
2
Disk atmospheres
228
2
Disk properties from observations
230
3
Mass accretion rate
230
1
Inner radius
230
1
Masses
231
1
Sizes
231
2
Disk lifetimes
233
5
Ground-based near and mid-infrared surveys
235
1
Mid-infrared ISOCAM surveys
235
1
ISOPHOT 60 p.m survey
236
1
Surveys at millimeter wavelengths
236
2
Disk evolution
238
4
Can we observe the early planet formation phase?
239
1
Evidence for grain growth
239
2
Evidence of planetesimals
241
1
Where is the disk mass?
241
1
Secondary or debris disks
242
3
Summary
245
6
Dust in the Interstellar Medium
251
86
F. Boulanger
P. Cox
A. P. Jones
Introduction
253
2
The phases of the interstellar medium
255
1
Abundances
256
2
Extinction curve
258
4
Infrared emission from dust
262
8
Spectral energy distribution
262
1
Grain temperatures and infrared emission
263
7
Dust composition as a function of size
270
12
Interstellar PAHs
270
1
Small aromatic hydrocarbons in cirrus
271
1
Excitation by stellar light
271
3
Carbon abundance in PAHs
274
1
Band profiles
275
5
Very small grains
280
1
Large grains
281
1
Dust processing in the interstellar medium
282
14
Grain sputtering and shattering in shock waves
283
1
Physical processes
283
4
Observations
287
1
Grain growth in molecular clouds
288
1
Physical processes
288
4
Dust evolution in clouds
292
2
Dust evolution in photo-dissociation regions
294
2
Dense media around protostars
296
14
Absorption spectroscopy of embedded sources
301
7
Dust around young stars
308
2
Dust formation
310
13
AGB stars
311
1
Physical processes
311
4
Infrared spectroscopy of AGB and post-AGB stars
315
1
Carbon-rich sources
315
2
Oxygen-rich sources
317
4
Evolved planetary nebulae
321
1
Dust in SNR and hot stars
322
1
The life cycle of dust
323
4
Sources of dust
323
1
Dust processing in the interstellar medium
324
1
The crystalline-amorphous-crystalline silicate transition
325
1
Interstellar dust in the solar system
326
1
Summary and perspectives
327
10
Normal Galaxies in the Infrared
337
44
G. Helou
Introduction
339
2
The study of normal galaxies
341
2
Galaxies in the infrared: The IRAS ERA
343
11
Basic parameters and statitics
343
1
Infrared luminosity
343
2
The infrared-to-blue ratio
345
1
IRAS colors
346
1
Other estimators
347
1
Correlations
348
1
The infrared-radio connection
349
3
The ``two-component model''
352
2
ISO reshapes the dust continuum
354
13
ISO surveys of galaxies
354
2
Mid-infrared spectra
356
1
The aromatic features
357
2
The mid-infrared continuum
359
1
High-redshift applications
360
1
Exceptions
361
1
The ISO-IRAS color diagram
362
2
The global infrared spectrum
364
1
A mid-infrared look within galaxies
364
3
A walk in the line forest
367
6
Molecular lines
368
1
Fine-structure lines
369
2
Interpreting the PDR lines
371
2
More studies
373
1
Tomorrow's infrared galaxies
373
2
Challenges and prospects
373
1
Suggestions
374
1
Conclusion
375
6
Active Galaxies
381
34
D. Kunze
Introduction
383
1
Starburst galaxies
384
11
Scales of star formation: From H II regions to starburst galaxies
384
3
Observational properties of starburst galaxies
387
2
ISO observations of starburst galaxies
389
4
The galactic center
393
2
Active galactic nuclei
395
8
A unified model for AGNs
395
3
Massive central black holes
398
1
Observational properties of AGNs
399
1
ISO observations of AGNs
400
3
Ultraluminous infrared galaxies
403
12
ULIRGs as a class
403
5
Arp 220 -- the Rosetta stone
408
1
The power source of ULIRGs
409
6
Cosmology with ISO
415
36
J. -L. Puget
Introduction
417
2
Relevant quantities and notations for number counts
419
5
Number counts in the Euclidean case
419
1
Faint counts in the Friedman-Lemaitre cosmology
420
3
Background radiation
423
1
Spectra in the IR/SUBMM range
424
4
Basic properties of dust absorption and emission
424
2
Infrared spectra of extragalactic sources
426
2
Observations
428
8
Deep surveys of weak sources
428
1
ISOCAM deep surveys of distant galaxies
428
1
ISOPHOT deep surveys of distant galaxies
429
1
Deep cosmological surveys with SCUBA
430
1
Observations of the Cosmic Background
431
1
Relevant foreground observations
432
1
The cosmic infrared background at sub-millimeter wavelenghts
433
1
The cosmic background at all wavelengths
434
1
ISO observations of the background anisotropies
435
1
Cosmological implications
436
6
Where is the nucleosynthesis energy?
436
1
Starburst galaxies vs. AGNs
437
2
Star formation at high redshift
439
3
Models of galaxy in the infrared
442
2
Spectral energy distributions
442
1
Phenomenological models
443
1
Semi-analytic models
443
1
Future cosmological observations in the infrared
444
2
Conclusions
446
5
Seminars by participants
451