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Tables of Contents for Industrial Image Processing
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
15
24
Why write another book about image processing?
15
2
Possibilities and limitations
17
2
Types of inspection tasks
19
1
Structure of image processing systems
20
7
Hardware setup
20
3
Signal flow in the process environment
23
3
Signal flow within an image processing system
26
1
Solution approach
27
2
Introductory example
29
7
Character recognition
30
3
Thread depth
33
2
Presence verification
35
1
From here
36
3
Overview: Image Preprocessing
39
36
Gray scale transformations
40
7
Look-up tables
40
2
Linear gray level scaling
42
1
Contrast enhancement
43
1
Histogram equalization
44
1
Local contrast enhancement
45
2
Image arithmetic
47
5
Image addition and averaging
47
1
Image subtraction
48
2
Minimum and maximum of two images
50
1
Shading correction
51
1
Linear filters
52
14
Local operations and neighborhoods
52
1
Principle of linear filters
53
3
Smoothing filter
56
5
Edge filters
61
5
Median filter
66
1
Morphological filters
67
3
Other non-linear filters
70
1
Global operations
71
1
Key terms
72
3
Positioning
75
20
Position of an individual object
75
6
Positioning using the entire object
76
2
Positioning using an edge
78
3
Orientation of an individual object
81
5
Orientation computation using principal axis
81
3
Distance-versus-angle signature
84
2
Robot positioning
86
6
Setting of tasks
86
1
Image processing components
87
1
Position determination on one object
88
1
Orientation of an object configuration
89
1
Comments concerning position adjustment
90
2
Key terms
92
3
Overview: Segmentation
95
30
Regions of interest
95
1
Regions and objects
95
1
Thresholding
96
8
Thresholds
97
1
Threshold determination from histogram analysis
98
1
Gray level histograms
99
3
Generalizations of thresholding
102
2
Contour tracing
104
4
Pixel connectedness
104
2
Generating object contours
106
1
Contour representation
107
1
Edge based methods
108
3
Edge probing in industrial image scenes
108
1
Edge detection with subpixel accuracy
109
2
Template matching
111
9
Basic operation
112
3
Optimizing template matching
115
4
Comments on template matching
119
1
Key terms
120
5
Mark Identification
125
40
Bar code identification
125
7
Principle of gray-level-based bar code identification
126
1
Bar code symbologies
127
2
Examples of industrial bar code identification
129
3
Further information
132
1
Character recognition
132
17
Laser-etched characters on an IC
132
1
Basic configuration of the character recognition
133
3
Fundamental structure of a classifier application
136
5
Position adjustment on the IC
141
4
Improving character quality
145
3
Optimization in operation
148
1
Recognition of pin-marked digits on metal
149
3
Illumination
149
1
Preprocessing
150
1
Segmentation and classification
150
2
Block codes on rolls of film
152
4
Print quality inspection
156
5
Procedure
158
1
Print quality inspection in individual regions
159
1
Print quality inspection with automatic subdivision
160
1
Key terms
161
4
Overview: Classification
165
26
What is classification?
165
2
Classification as function approximation
167
5
Machine learning
167
2
Statistical foundations
169
1
Constructing classifiers
170
2
Instance-based classifiers
172
6
Nearest neighbor classifier
172
2
RCE networks
174
1
Radial basis functions
175
1
Vector quantization
176
1
Template matching
177
1
Remarks on instance-based classifiers
177
1
Function-based classifiers
178
5
Polynomial classifier
178
1
Multilayer perceptron-type neural networks
179
3
Representation of other classifiers as neural networks
182
1
Remarks on the application of neural networks
183
3
Composition of the training set
183
1
Feature scaling
183
1
Rejection
184
1
Arbitrariness
185
1
Key terms
186
5
Dimensional Checking
191
30
Gauging tasks
191
1
Simple gauging
192
9
Center point distance
193
3
Contour distances
196
4
Angle measurements
200
1
Shape checking on a punched part
201
4
Inspection task
201
1
Modeling contours by lines
202
3
Measuring the contour angle
205
1
Angle gauging on toothed belt
205
4
Illumination setup
206
2
Edge creation
208
1
Shape checking on injection-molded part
209
4
Computing radii
209
2
Remarks on model circle computation
211
2
High accuracy gauging on thread flange
213
2
Illumination and image capture
213
1
Subpixel-accurate gauging of the thread depth
214
1
Calibration
215
3
Calibration mode
217
1
Inspection-related calibration
217
1
Key terms
218
3
Overview: Image Acquisition and Illumination
221
58
Solid-state sensors
221
7
CCD sensor operation
222
2
Properties of CCD sensors
224
2
Image degradation
226
2
Standard video cameras
228
10
Basic structure
228
2
The video standard
230
2
Sampling of the line signal
232
3
Extensions of the video standard
235
1
Image quality
236
2
Other camera types
238
5
Progressive scan cameras
238
1
Asynchronous cameras
238
1
Digital cameras
239
1
Line-scan cameras
240
2
Additional camera properties
242
1
Transmission to the computer
243
6
Basic operation of a frame grabber
244
2
Frame grabbers for standard video cameras
246
1
Frame grabbers for other camera types
246
2
Direct digital transmission
248
1
Optical foundations
249
16
F-number
249
2
Thin lens imaging equation
251
4
Depth of field
255
4
Typical imaging situations
259
1
Aberrations
260
2
Lens selection
262
2
Special optical devices
264
1
Illumination technology
265
7
Light sources
266
1
Front lighting
267
3
Back Lighting
270
2
Key terms
272
7
Presence Verification
279
32
Simple presence verification
279
9
Part geometry
280
1
Illumination
281
1
Position adjustment
282
2
Segmentation
284
1
Evaluation
285
1
Segmentation with template matching
286
2
Simple gauging for assembly verification
288
5
Illumination
288
1
Inspection criteria
289
2
Object creation and measurement computation
291
1
Position adjustment
292
1
Presence verification using classifiers
293
13
Illumination
293
4
Inspection of the caulking
297
5
Type verification of the flange
302
4
Contrast-free presence verification
306
2
Key terms
308
3
Overview: Object Features
311
16
Basic geometrical features
311
6
Enclosing rectangle
311
1
Area and perimeter
312
3
Center of gravity
315
1
Axes and radii
316
1
Shape-descriptors
317
5
Curvature
317
3
Fiber features
320
1
Euler's number
321
1
Moments and Fourier descriptors
321
1
Gray level features
322
2
First-order statistics
322
1
Texture features
323
1
Key terms
324
3
Outlook: Visual Inspection Projects
327
4
A. Mathematical Notes
331
12
A.1 Backpropagation training
331
5
A.1.1 Neural networks -- concept and history
331
1
A.1.2 Fundamentals
332
1
A.1.3 Backpropagation
333
3
A.2 Computation of the depth of field
336
7
A.2.1 Limit distances
336
3
A.2.2 Depth of field at infinite distance
339
1
A.2.3 Dependence of the depth of field on the focal length
340
3
B. The Companion CD
343
2
References
345
3
Index
348