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Tables of Contents for Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
About This Book
1
4
The Natural History of Leaf-Cutting Ants
5
44
The Significance of Social Insects
5
2
The Fungus Growers
7
2
The Natural History of the Leaf-Cutting Ants of the Genus Atta
9
40
Colony Foundation in Atta
9
5
Division of Labor in Atta Colonies
14
3
The Maintenance of Fungal Hygiene
17
3
Communication and Foraging in Atta Colonies
20
4
Leaf-Cutting Behavior and Load-Size Determination
24
4
Communication Between the Fungus Garden and Workers in Atta Colonies
28
3
Color Plates 1--16
31
18
The Study Area -- Barro Colorado Island
49
6
Location and History
49
2
Geology and Soils
51
1
Climatic Conditions
51
1
Vegetation Structure and Composition
52
1
Fauna
53
1
Research Locations
54
1
Species Composition of the Forest
55
6
Selection and Setup of the Study Plot
55
1
Vegetation Inventory
56
1
Abundances and Diversity of Tree Species
57
4
Forest Light Regimes
61
10
Seasonal and Spatial Light Patterns in the Understory
61
5
Measuring Irradiance
61
2
Horizontal Distribution of Irradiance
63
1
Seasonal Aspects
64
2
Vertical Light Variability
66
5
Measuring Vertical Light Profiles
66
1
Vertical Distribution of Light
67
4
Canopy Structure of the Forest
71
12
Theory
71
1
Measuring LAI and Foliage Orientation
72
1
Vertical Distribution of Foliage Angles
73
1
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of LAI Distribution
74
6
Vertical LAI Distribution
74
3
Horizontal LAI Distribution and Seasonal Variation
77
3
LAI Measurements with the Li-Cor LAI-2000
80
1
Comparison of the Study Plot with Other Parts of the BCI Forest
81
2
Colony Dynamics
83
8
Colony Distribution and Density
84
4
Colony Movements
88
1
Nest Size
89
1
Nest Trees
90
1
Harvest Dynamics
91
20
Annual Pattern of Foraging Activity
91
8
Measuring Foraging Activity
91
1
Plant Biomass Harvest
92
7
Size and Weight of Harvested Fragments
99
2
Diurnal Course of Foraging Activity
101
4
The Typical Pattern and Its Variability
101
3
The Role of Precipitation
104
1
Rapid Estimation of Harvesting Rates
105
6
Estimating Colony Harvest
105
2
Estimating the Annual Harvest of the Atta colombica Population
107
3
General Suitability of Linear Regression Models for Estimating Harvest Rates
110
1
The Trail System
111
10
Mapping and Monitoring of Foraging Trails
112
1
Annual Course of Foraging Trail Establishment
112
3
Frequency of Trail Establishment Throughout the Year
115
1
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Foraging
116
1
Foraging Activity in the Canopy
117
1
Estimating Foraging Area
117
2
Trunk Trail Systems as Determinants of Foraging Patterns
119
2
Host Plant Selection
121
10
Measuring Electivity
121
1
Harvest Preferences of Colony I Throughout the Year
122
9
Characterization of the Harvested Species
122
6
Harvest Diversity and Selection
128
3
Herbivory Rates
131
20
Factors Affecting Estimates of Herbivory
131
3
Herbivory Rates at the Landscape Level
134
4
Herbivory at the Colony Level
138
5
Leaf Harvesting Rates Along Trunk Trail III
138
1
Defining a Discrete Foraging Area
139
1
Annual Foliage Loss from the Foraging Area
140
3
Herbivory at the Individual Tree Level
143
1
Methodological Details
143
1
Estimation of Annual Leaf Harvest from Selected Individual Host Plants
143
1
Annual Pattern of Leaf Consumption and Herbivory Rates
144
7
Comparison of Herbivory at Different Levels
148
3
Herbivory and Light
151
14
Effects of Foliage Removal on Light Distribution and Intensity
151
6
Changes in Understory Light Climate of the Foraging Area
151
2
Changes in Light Climate of an Individual Tree
153
2
Simulated Changes in Canopy Light Intensity
155
2
Canopy Photosynthesis
157
4
Simulated Changes in Whole Canopy Photosynthesis
157
3
Simulated Effects on Photosynthesis of Single Trees
160
1
Compensatory Growth
161
4
Seed Dispersal by Leaf-Cutting Ants
165
6
Fruit Harvest from the Pioneer Tree Miconia argentea (Melastomataceae)
166
1
The Fate of Harvested Miconia Seeds
167
1
Ecological Significance of Atta Fruit Harvest
168
3
Nutrient Cycling and Water Relations
171
12
Nutrient Cycling
171
8
Herbivores and Nutrient Cycling
171
2
Nutrient Concentrations in Harvested Leaves and Refuse
173
2
Nutrient Dynamics Within the Colony
175
2
Community Level Effects
177
2
Water Relations
179
4
The Effect of Leaf Wounding
179
1
Whole-Canopy Level Effects
180
1
Simulated Effects of Herbivory on Transpiration of Single Trees
181
2
Conclusions: Ecosystem Perspectives
183
12
Disturbance, Herbivory, and Biodiversity
184
3
Leaf-Cutting Ants and the Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Resources
187
4
Light Heterogeneity
188
2
Nutrient and Soil Heterogeneity
190
1
Heterogeneity of Water Availability
191
1
Leaf-Cutting Ants and Ecosystem Biodiversity
191
4
References
195
26
Taxonomic Index
221
4
Subject Index
225