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Tables of Contents for Gc/MS in Clinical Chemistry
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Part I Fundamental Principles of Analysis by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
1
36
Physical Theory and Equipment Design
3
4
Adsorption
3
1
Partition
4
1
Design of a Gas Chromatography System
5
2
Injection and Headspace Technique
7
6
Injection
7
3
Splitless Injection
7
1
Split Injection
8
1
Temperature-Programmed Injection
9
1
On-Column Injection
9
1
Headspace Technique
10
3
Static Headspace
10
1
Dynamic Headspace
11
2
Columns and Carrier Gas
13
6
Packed Columns
13
1
Capillary Columns
13
1
Stationary Phases
14
1
Film Thickness
15
1
Carrier Gas
16
3
GC Detectors and Mass Spectrometry
19
10
Selectivity
20
1
The Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
21
1
The Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
22
1
Mass Spectrometry
22
7
Design and Function of a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
23
1
Detection
24
1
Sample Introduction -- the GC/MS Interface
24
1
The Total Ion Current (TIC)
24
2
Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM)
26
1
Data Processing
26
3
Quantification
29
8
Methods Based on Internal Standards
29
1
Standard Addition
30
1
External Calibration
31
1
Quantification in the Split Mode
31
2
Limits of Detection
33
4
References for Part I
35
2
Part II Drug Screening
37
132
Epidemiology of the Abuse of Drugs and Medicaments
39
14
Introduction
39
1
Specific Data and Trends
40
13
Opiates/Opioids
40
1
Heroin
40
1
Codeine
41
1
Dehydrocodeine (DHC)
41
1
Methadone
42
1
Tramadol
42
1
Tilidine
42
1
Other Centrally Active Analgesics
43
1
Peripheral Analgesics
43
1
Benzodiazepines
43
1
Diazepam
44
1
Flunitrazepam
44
1
Bromazepam
45
1
Barbiturates
45
1
Other Sedatives and Addictive Substances
45
1
Chlormethiazole
45
1
Antihistamines
46
1
Amphetamines and Related Substances
46
1
Substances of the Drug Scene
46
2
Psychoanaleptics and Antihypotonics
48
1
Appetite Suppressants
48
1
Designer Drugs
48
1
Cannabis
49
1
Cocaine
49
1
Other Hallucinogens
50
1
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
50
1
Other Indole Derivatives
51
1
Mescalin
51
1
Nutmeg
51
1
Piperidine Derivatives
52
1
Fly Agaric
52
1
Biperiden
52
1
Substances Taken by Sniffing
52
1
Methods of Sample Preparation for Drug Analysis
53
20
History of Sample Preparation
53
2
The Principle of Solid Phase Extraction
55
4
Practical Aspects
56
1
Sample Preparation for the Matrix Urine
57
2
Sample Preparation for the Matrix Whole Blood
59
1
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
59
1
Comparison of SPE with LLE
60
4
Quantitative Determination of Derivatized Drugs
64
9
Introduction
64
1
Determination of the Detection Limits
64
1
Sample Preparation and Analysis of Real Samples
65
8
Drug Screening from Urine by GC/MS
73
96
General Aspects of Drug Screening from Urine
73
9
Differentiation between Drug Screening and Other Screening Procedures
74
1
Sample Material
74
1
Possibilities for Manipulation of Samples
75
1
Immunological Methods of Analysis
76
1
Immunological Tests on Single Substances and Groups of Substances
77
1
Principles of Current Immunological Tests (Selected)
78
2
Chromatographic Methods
80
1
Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection
80
1
High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC/DAD)
81
1
GC/MS Methods of Drug Screening from Urine
82
25
General Aspects of Screening Methods
83
1
Silanized Insert and Silanized Glass Wool
83
1
Chromatographic Columns
84
1
Temperature-Pressure Programme
85
1
Internal Standard
86
1
Detection Sensitivity
87
1
Method Validation
88
4
Quality Assurance
92
1
Mass Spectra
93
2
Evaluation
95
5
Sample Preparation, Glucuronide Breakdown
100
1
Derivatization
101
1
Screening Method A, without Derivatization
102
2
Screening Method B, including Derivatization with Acetic Anhydride
104
3
Determination of Addictive Substances and Groups of Substances
107
62
Opiates/Opioids
107
2
Metabolism
109
2
Analysis
111
6
Benzodiazepines
117
1
Metabolism
117
6
Analysis
123
6
Amphetamines
129
3
Metabolism
132
2
Analysis
134
6
Designer Drugs
140
1
Pharmacology and Metabolism
141
3
Analysis
144
3
Cocaine
147
1
Metabolism
147
2
Analysis
149
2
Chlormethiazole
151
1
Metabolism
151
1
Analysis
151
3
Methadone
154
1
Metabolism
155
1
Analysis
155
2
Antihistamines
157
1
Metabolism
157
1
Analysis
157
2
Biperiden
159
1
Analysis
159
1
Accompanying Medication
159
2
Tetrahydrocannabinol
161
1
Metabolism
162
1
Analysis
162
3
References for Part II
165
4
Part III Environmentally Hazardous Substances in Working Medicine
169
32
Quantitative Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Lindane in Blood
171
14
Pentachlorophenol
171
1
Analytical Techniques
172
2
Sample Preparation
174
9
Principle of Sample Preparation for Lindane
175
4
Principle of Sample Preparation for PCP
179
4
Measurement of Real Samples
183
1
Summary
183
2
Headspace Gas Chromatography in Clinical Chemistry
185
16
Introduction
185
3
Equipment Parameters
188
1
Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX)
189
2
Determination of Phenol
191
2
Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons
193
3
Determination of Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA)
196
1
Determination of Blood Alcohols
196
5
References for Part III
199
2
Part IV Organization and Cost-Effectiveness in the Clinical Laboratory
201
34
The Provision of Samples to the Medical Laboratory
203
6
Timing
204
1
Sample Taking
204
1
Blood Samples
204
3
Choice of Sample Container
205
1
Urine Samples
206
1
Sample Transportation and Storage
207
2
Transport Conditions
207
2
Internal Cost Calculations in GC/MS Analysis using Drug Screening from Urine as an Example
209
12
Machine Costs per Analysis in GC/MS Analysis
209
8
Principles of the Calculations
210
1
Proportional Procurement Costs
210
1
Operating Costs
211
2
Determination of Machine Costs Per Measurement Result
213
1
Proportional Procurement Costs
214
1
Carrier Gas, Electricity, Inserts and Maintenance
214
1
Columns, Septa, Filaments, and Unplanned Repair Work
214
1
Limits of the Capacity of a GC/MS
215
2
Conclusions
217
1
Material Costs of Sample Preparation
217
1
Personnel Costs
217
1
Cost of Laboratory Space
218
1
Total Costs
218
1
Discussion of the Results
219
2
Quality Assurance in the Clinical Laboratory using Drug Analysis as the Example
221
14
Internal Quality Assurance
221
8
Standards
222
1
Standard Urines
223
4
Internal Standard
227
2
External Quality Assurance
229
6
References for Part IV
233
2
Index
235