Introduction and Overview

Peter J. Buckley

Pervez N. Ghauri

PART I: ANTECEDENTS

The foreign investment decision process

Yair Ahroni

International investment and international trade in the product cycle

Raymond Vernon

The internationalization of the firm: four Swedish Cases

Jan Johanson

Finn Wiedersheim-Paul

The internationalization process of the firm: a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments

Jan Johanson

Jan-Erik Vahlne

A theory of international operations

Peter J. Buckley

Mark Casson

Trade, location of economic activity and the multinational enterprise: a search for an eclectic approach

John H. Dunning

PART II: THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS

Internationalization: evolution of a concept

Lawrence S. Welch

Reijo Luostarinen

Foreign direct investment by small and medium-sized enterprises: the theoretical background

Peter J. Buckley

Network relationships and internationalisation process of small software firms

Nicole Coviello

Hugh Munro

The expansion of foreign direct investment: discrete rational location choices or a cultural learning process?

Gabriel R.G. Benito

Geir Gripsrud

The internationlization of service firms: a comparison with the manufacturing sector

Peter J. Buckley

C.L. Pass

Kate Prescott

The process of internationalization in the operating firm

Timothy Clark

Derek S. Pugh

Geoff Mallory

PART III: METHODS OF FOREIGN MARKET SERVICING

Modes of foreign entry: a transaction cost analysis and propositions

Erin Anderson

Hubert Gatignon

Differences among exporting firms bases on their degree of internationalization

S. Tamer Cavusgil

Outward foreign licensing by Australian companies

Lawrence S. Welch

Joint ventures and global strategies

Kathryn Rudie Harrigan

Interfirm diversity, organizational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances

Arvind Parkhe

PART IV: ORGANIZING THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM

Options thinking and platform investments: investing in opportunity

Bruce Kogut

Nalin Kulatilaka

Organizing for worldwide effectiveness: the transnational solution

Christopher A. bartlett

Sumantra Choshal

New structures in MNCs based in small countries: A network approach

Pervez Ghauri

Strategic evolution within Japanese manufacturing plants in Europe: UK Evidence

Neil Hood

Stephen Young

David Lal

PART V: THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON INTERNATIONALIZATION

Psychic distance and buyer-seller interaction

Lars Hallen

Finn Wiedershiem-Paul

The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode

Bruce Kogut

Harbir Singh

The Business of International Business is Culture

Geert Hofstede

The psychic distance paradox