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Tables of Contents for Metals and the Royal Society
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
xi
The Royal Society
xv
Acknowledgements
xvii
Acknowledgements for Illustrations
xix
Metals and the Origins of the Royal Society
1
14
Introduction
1
1
Man's use of metals
1
1
Some early sources concerning the beginning of metallurgy
2
2
Metallurgy in the 16th and 17th centuries
4
1
The birth of chemistry
5
1
The scientific revolution -- other factors
5
1
Instruments and the practical arts
6
1
Role of classical and medieval science
6
2
English puritanism and the scientific revolution
8
1
Scientific letters -- the role of the intelligencers
9
2
The formation and growth of the Royal Society
11
4
Metals and the Early Period of the Royal Society
15
32
Introduction
15
1
Alchemy's influence on science
15
1
Chemistry and metallurgy
16
6
Microscopy
22
3
Temperature measurement
25
1
Physical and mechanical properties
25
5
Makers of precision instruments
30
3
Non-ferrous metals and alloys
33
5
Ferrous metallurgy -- production, treatment and properties
38
5
Metallurgy and the Industrial Revolution
43
4
Chemistry, Metallurgy and Materials Processing
47
12
Introduction
47
1
Contributions of chemists to metallurgy
47
7
Non-metallic high temperature processing -- glasses, cements, ceramics
54
5
Precious Metals -- the Platinum Group
59
14
Introduction
59
1
Production and processing - early developments
60
4
Percival Johnson and George Matthey
64
5
Applications and other developments
69
4
Minting of Coinage
73
6
Introduction
73
1
Metallurgy and mints
73
6
Non-Ferrous Extraction Metallurgy
79
12
Introduction
79
1
Aluminium
80
1
Nickel
81
1
Copper and zinc
82
3
Gold and silver
85
2
Less common metals
87
1
Electric furnace technology
88
3
Iron and Steel Production
91
20
Introduction
91
1
Ironmaking in the 19th century
91
4
Steelmaking in the 19th century
95
8
Ironmaking and steelmaking in the 20th century
103
8
Metallurgy and the Electrical Age
111
38
Introduction
111
1
Early discoveries in magnetism and electricity
111
4
The Electrical Age
115
1
Batteries and their development
116
4
Electrometallurgical processing
120
4
Faraday and the evolution of electric light
124
3
Lighthouses
127
1
Self excitation
127
1
Electrical materials
128
4
The development of the incandescent lamp
132
5
Charles Parsons and the steam turbine
137
2
Alternatives to the carbon-filament lamp
139
3
Britains international position
142
1
The Royal Society and electrical legislation
143
6
Engineers and Their Metallic Materials
149
18
Introduction
149
1
Metallurgy and 19th century engineering construction
149
15
Mechanical testing equipment
164
3
The Emergence of Physical Metallurgy
167
12
Introduction
167
1
Metallography and physical metallurgy
167
7
Pyrometry and thermal analysis
174
3
The development of physical metallurgy in the 20th century
177
2
Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Alloys
179
36
Introduction
179
1
What is a metal?
179
4
Bonding of elements
183
2
The metallic bond and metallic properties
185
4
Alloy development -- up to the mid 20th century
189
6
Electrical and magnetic properties
195
12
Thermal and other properties
207
2
Diffusion
209
1
Properties at high pressures
210
1
Surface properties
211
4
Advances in Techniques for the Study of Materials' Structures
215
20
Introduction
215
1
Crystallography
215
1
X-ray diffraction
216
10
Electron diffraction
226
2
Electron microscopy and other developments in microscopy
228
7
Fundamentals of Elastic and Plastic Deformation
235
20
Introduction
235
1
Elastic behaviour
235
5
Plastic deformation
240
8
Dislocations
248
4
The role of contemporary Fellows of the Royal Society
252
3
Metallurgical Challenges of Engineering Applications
255
32
Introduction
255
1
Creep deformation at high temperatures
256
4
Fatigue and fracture
260
13
Corrosion, oxidation and wear
273
10
Nickel-based superalloys and other alloys for aircraft gas turbine engines
283
4
Processing for Engineering Applications
287
16
Introduction
287
1
Melting and casting technology
287
5
Armament production
292
4
Ingot production and mechanical working
296
3
Joining
299
2
Powder metallurgy
301
2
Alloy Structure and Constitution
303
16
Introduction
303
1
Phase equilibria and phase diagrams
303
6
Phase transformations and the heat treatment of steels
309
2
Advances in fundamental understanding of metallic materials in the 20th century
311
8
Non-Metallic Materials and the Royal Society
319
12
Introduction
319
2
Semiconductors, liquid crystals and solid-state science
321
2
Ceramics and solid-state science
323
3
Carbon
326
1
Polymers and rubbers
326
3
Composites
329
1
Retrospect and Prospect
329
2
Metals and the Atomic Age
331
60
Introduction
331
1
The Atomic Century
331
13
The Manhattan Project
344
3
Metallurgy and the British post-war atom programme
347
9
Harwell's Metallurgy Division
356
9
Harwell's Physics Division
365
3
Three FRSs and the evolution of the Magnox fuel element
368
2
The Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories
370
3
The move to AGRs -- technical aspects
373
1
Choice of reactor system -- the big mistake
374
3
Walter Marshall and the PWR
377
3
The Royal Society and privatisation
380
4
Nuclear waste
384
2
Reprocessing and the plutonium `mountain'
386
5
The Royal Society and the Industrial Revolutions
391
38
Introduction
391
2
Scientific Academies in the 18th century
393
4
The 19th century
397
4
Summing up the 19th century
401
3
Britain's electrical industry to 1914
404
1
Britain's steel industry to 1914
405
2
Britain's failures during the Second Industrial Revolution
407
1
The Royal Society and education for industrial decline
408
2
Three reforming FRSs
410
2
`The sciences are never at war'
412
1
Scientific advice to the Armed Forces
413
1
The Royal Society and the First World War
414
2
The interwar period
416
1
Britain's industries and the Second World War
417
2
Some causes of Britain's industrial decline
419
1
Creativity, the Royal Society and the Second World War
420
4
From the Second World War to the present
424
5
Biographies of Fellows and Foreign Members
429
266
Appendix 1: Some Aspects of the History of Metallurgical Education of University Rank in Great Britain, Relating to Fellows of the Royal Society (Up to mid-20th century)
695
4
Appendix 2: Royal Society Awards
699
12
Appendix 3: Bakerian Lectures
711
4
Appendix 4: Nobel Prize Winners (Fellows and Foreign Members referred to in the Biographies Section)
715
2
Appendix 5: Fellows of the Royal Society -- Presidents of British Institutes of Metallurgy and Materials
717
2
Appendix 6: Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society -- Recipients of Premier Awards of British Institutes of Metallurgy and Materials
719
4
Appendix 7: Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society (referred to in the Biographies Section) Chronological List of Election Dates
723
8
Appendix 8: Bibliography
731
12
Name Index
743
20
Academic and Industrial Index
763
16
Subject Index
779