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Tables of Contents for The Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architecture Heritage
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
Part One The scientific approach to the study of architectural heritage
1
196
Chapter 1 The role of structure in the history of architecture
3
38
1 Introduction
3
1
2 The first steps -- Egyptian and Greek architecture
3
5
2.1 The first materials
3
1
2.2 The first constructions
3
5
3 Roman architecture
8
6
3.1 The new techniques, technologies and structural conception
8
3
3.2 The Roman works
11
3
4 From the Byzantine to the Romanesque in Europe
14
5
4.1 The Byzantine period
14
3
4.2 Romanesque architecture
17
2
5 Architecture in Asia
19
4
5.1 India and South Asia
19
2
5.2 China and Japan
21
2
6 Islamic architecture
23
4
6.1 Basic structural aspects
23
1
6.2 Islamic architecture in the Middle East
23
3
6.3 Turkey and Asia
26
1
7 Gothic
27
4
7.1 The new structural concept
27
2
7.2 Major and minor cathedrals
29
2
8 Renaissance and Baroque architecture
31
5
8.1 Renaissance
31
2
8.2 Baroque and neo-classicism
33
3
8.3 Dwellings
36
1
9 The 19th and 20th centuries
36
5
9.1 The buildings
36
2
9.2 The new materials
38
1
9.3 The structural evolution of bridges
39
2
Chapter 2 The decay of materials and structural damage
41
24
1 Introduction
41
2
1.1 Damage and decay
41
1
1.2 The origins of damage and decay
41
1
1.3 Lowering of the strength:stress ratio
42
1
1.3.1 The actions
42
1
1.3.2 The materials
42
1
1.3.3 The structural behaviour
43
1
2 Decay of materials
43
11
2.1 Environmental conditions
43
4
2.1.1 Moisture and the crystallisation of salts
43
2
2.1.2 Air
45
1
2.1.3 Soil deposits and biological and botanical factors
45
1
2.1.4 Water
45
1
2.1.5 Temperature
46
1
2.1.6 Human intervention
46
1
2.2 Materials
47
7
2.2.1 Masonry
47
5
2.2.1.1 Type of masonry
47
2
2.2.1.2 Stone
49
1
2.2.1.3 Bricks
50
1
2.2.1.4 Mortars
51
1
2.2.2 Wood
52
1
2.2.3 Metal elements
53
1
2.2.4 Reinforced and prestressed concrete
54
1
3 Damage to buildings
54
9
3.1 Introduction
54
1
3.2 Kinds of damage
54
3
3.2.1 The visible signs
54
1
3.2.2 Cracks and crack patterns
55
1
3.2.3 Crushing
56
1
3.3 Damage in different structural elements
57
6
3.3.1 Pillars and walls
57
1
3.3.2 Towers, bell towers and minarets
58
1
3.3.3 Beams, floors and roofs
59
1
3.3.4 Arches and vaults
59
4
3.3.5 Buildings
63
1
4 Diagnosis
63
2
Chapter 3 Acquisition of information and data
65
14
1 Introduction
65
1
2 Historical research
66
1
3 Survey
66
1
3.1 The aim of surveys
66
1
3.2 Survey drawings
66
1
3.3 Photographic surveys
67
1
3.4 Survey of the structure and its damage
67
1
3.5 Survey of materials and their decay
67
1
4 Investigations
67
7
4.1 The aim of testing
67
1
4.2 Sampling and laboratory tests
67
2
4.2.1 Sampling
67
1
4.2.2 Mechanical tests
67
1
4.2.3 Physio-chemical tests
68
1
4.2.3.1 Information to be acquired
68
1
4.2.3.2 Techniques of analysis
68
1
4.3 In situ tests
69
5
4.3.1 Endoscopic examination
69
1
4.3.2 Sonic and ultrasonic tests
70
1
4.3.3 Relaxation tests
70
3
4.3.4 Pull-out tests
73
1
4.3.5 Sclerometric and penetration test
73
1
4.3.6 Static load tests
73
1
4.3.7 Thermography
74
1
4.3.8 Magnetometry
74
1
4.3.9 Dynamic tests
74
1
5 Monitoring
74
3
6 Controls and acceptance
77
2
Chapter 4 Criteria and techniques for conservation and restoration
79
36
1 The philosophy of structural restoration
79
10
1.1 The decision to restore
79
1
1.2 Historical importance and safety
79
1
1.3 Reversibility
80
1
1.4 Traditional techniques
80
2
1.5 Modern techniques
82
6
1.6 Guidelines for design
88
1
2 Masonry as a material
89
6
2.1 General criteria
89
1
2.2 Partial substitution and reintegration of material
90
1
2.3 Refixing fragments, sealing, etc.
90
1
2.4 Rainwater systems and regulation
90
1
2.5 Protection against rising water
91
1
2.6 Consolidation of the masonry
92
2
2.6.1 Chemical treatments
92
1
2.6.2 Grout injections
93
1
2.7 Cleaning
94
1
2.8 Protection of the surfaces
94
1
2.9 Maintenance
94
1
3.0 Masonry as a structure
95
14
3.1 General criteria
95
1
3.2 Improvement of the tensile and shear resistance
95
2
3.2.1 Masonry built with mortar
95
1
3.2.2 Dry stone masonry
96
1
3.2.3 Connections
97
1
3.3 Walls and pillars
97
2
3.4 Towers, bell towers and minarets
99
1
3.5 Floor and roof structures
99
3
3.6 Arches and vaults
102
4
3.7 Lintels and architraves
106
1
3.8 Staircases
107
2
3.9 Repairs on secondary elements
109
1
4 Structural repairs on reinforced and prestressed concrete
109
2
5 Methods of shoring and the correction of permanent deformation
111
4
Chapter 5 Soil settlement and remedial measures
115
32
1 Introduction
115
1
2 The soils
115
1
2.1 Types of soils
115
1
2.2 Rocks
115
1
2.3 Loose rocks and shale
115
1
2.3.1 Non-cohesive soils (gravel and sand)
115
1
2.3.2 Cohesive soils (silt and clay)
115
1
2.4 Peat
116
1
2.5 Fill material
116
1
3 The water
116
1
4 Soil settlement
116
6
4.1 Generally
116
1
4.2 Types of settlement
116
3
4.2.1 Uniform and non-uniform settlements
117
1
4.2.2 Instantaneous, delayed and sudden deformations
118
1
4.2.2.1 The basic types of deformation
118
1
4.2.2.2 Instantaneous deformations
119
1
4.2.2.3 Delayed deformation
119
1
4.2.2.4 Sudden deformations
119
1
4.3 The origin of settlement
119
3
4.3.1 Increase of the loads on the foundations
119
1
4.3.2 Variation of the loads on the area surrounding the building
120
1
4.3.3 Variation of the hydraulic conditions
120
1
4.3.4 Dynamic effects
121
1
5 Damage to buildings
122
5
5.1 Linear settlement
123
4
5.2 Non-linear settlements
127
1
6 Preventive measures
127
2
6.1 Generally
127
1
6.2 Large excavations
128
1
6.3 Small excavations close to surface foundations
129
1
6.4 Underground mining for tunnel construction
129
1
7 Remedial measures
129
17
7.1 Generally
129
2
7.2 Actions to improve the soil's behaviour
131
4
7.2.1 Generally
131
1
7.2.2 Improving the soil characteristics
131
1
7.2.3 Regulation of site water conditions
132
1
7.2.4 Increasing the soil deformability (underexcavation)
133
1
7.2.5 Additional works
133
2
7.3 Actions to modify the pressure under foundations
135
8
7.3.1 Generally
135
1
7.3.2 Modification of the loads
135
5
7.3.2.1 Reduction of the loads
135
1
7.3.2.2 Increase of the loads
135
4
7.3.2.3 Redistribution of the loads
139
1
7.3.3 Enlargement of the foundations
140
2
7.3.4 Underpinning
142
1
7.4 Actions to modify the building's behaviour
143
3
7.4.1 Generally
143
1
7.4.2 Measures to follow settlements
144
1
7.4.3 Strengthening to counter the settlement
144
2
8 The recovery of the deformations
146
1
Chapter 6 Seismic actions and remedial measures
147
38
1 Introduction
147
1
2 The dynamic behaviour
147
4
2.1 Natural period and frequency
147
1
2.2 Dynamic effects
147
2
2.2.1 Periodic and non-periodic actions
147
1
2.2.2 Forced and free vibrations
147
2
2.3 The modes of vibration
149
1
2.4 Ductility
150
1
3 Earthquakes
151
3
3.1 The seismic actions
151
1
3.2 The effect of the soil
152
1
3.3 The response spectrum
152
2
3.3.1 The elastic spectrum related to a specific earthquake
152
1
3.3.2 The normalised elastic spectrum
153
1
3.3.3 The design spectrum
153
1
3.3.4 Modal analysis
154
1
4 Damage to buildings
154
20
4.1 Generally
154
3
4.2 Masonry buildings
157
14
4.2.1 The materials
157
3
4.2.2 The global behaviour
160
1
4.2.3 Columns and pillars
161
2
4.2.4 Walls
163
4
4.2.5 Arches, domes and vaults
167
4
4.3 Reinforced concrete and prestressed structures
171
3
5 Preventive and remedial measures
174
9
5.1 Generally
174
1
5.2 Improvement of the structural behaviour
175
7
5.2.1 Strengthening of the materials
175
1
5.2.2 Strengthening of structural elements
176
2
5.2.3 Strenghtening the building as a whole
178
3
5.2.4 Stiffening of the foundations
181
1
5.2.5 Stabilisation of structural performance
181
1
5.2.6 Limitation of displacements
181
1
5.3 Reduction of the seismic effects
182
1
5.3.1 Reduction of the transferred energy
182
1
5.3.2 Reduction of the induced forces
183
1
6 Case history
183
2
6.1 The damage
183
1
6.2 Preventive measures that could have reduced the damage
184
1
6.3 Remedial actions
184
1
Chapter 7 Diagnosis and Safety evaluation
185
12
1 Introduction
185
1
2 Birth and development of the science
185
6
2.1 The first steps
185
1
2.2 The St Peters studies
186
3
2.3 Inductive and deductive processes
189
2
2.4 Kants' scheme
191
1
3 The procedures for diagnosis and safety evaluation
191
6
3.1 Position of the problem
191
1
3.2 The historical-critical criterion
191
1
3.3 The empirical-qualitative criterion
192
1
3.4 The analytical-quantitative criterion
192
1
3.5 The experimental criterion
193
1
3.6 The "judgement" on safety levels
193
4
Part Two Structural analysis of masonry buildings
197
50
Chapter 8 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: general aspects
199
24
1 Introduction
199
1
2 The actions
199
1
3 The masonry characteristics
200
6
3.1 Introduction
200
1
3.2 The components
200
1
3.2.1 The bricks
200
1
3.2.2 The stones
200
1
3.2.3 The mortars
200
1
3.3 Masonry types
200
2
3.3.1 Brick masonry
200
1
3.3.2 Stone masonry
201
1
3.3.3 Dry block masonry
201
1
3.4 The strength domain
202
4
3.4.1 Introduction
202
1
3.4.2 Plane strength domains
203
2
3.4.2.1 Normal stress/shear stresses strength domain
203
1
3.4.2.2 Principal stress strength domain
203
2
3.4.2.3 The intrinsic curve
205
1
3.4.3 Space strength domain
205
1
3.4.4 The use of the strength domain in the structural analysis
206
1
4 The structural schemes
206
5
4.1 The need of approximations
206
1
4.2 Criterion of the global and local effects
207
1
4.3 Criterion of the zones of influence
208
1
4.4 Criterion of the collaborating zones
208
1
4.5 Criterion of the global resultant
209
1
4.6 Criterion of the distribution of the loads or stresses
210
1
5 The structural analysis
211
12
5.1 The difficulties of an exact analysis
211
1
5.2 Elastic analysis
211
3
5.3 Non-linear analysis
214
1
5.4 The limit analysis
214
3
5.4.1 Generally
214
1
5.4.2 The static and kinematic theorems
215
1
5.4.3 Application and consequences of the limit analysis
216
1
5.5 Dynamic analysis and calculations
217
4
5.5.1 Introduction
217
2
5.5.2 Distribution of the loads throughout the height of a building
219
1
5.5.3 Distribution of the loads amongst the building structure's walls
219
2
5.6 Soil-structure interaction
221
2
Chapter 9 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: specific calculations
223
24
1 Introduction
223
1
2 Pillars and walls subjected to vertical loads
223
4
2.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes
223
1
2.2 Increase of bearing capacity due to containment of lateral expansion
224
2
2.3 Evaluation of the stress-state near openings
226
1
3 Walls subjected to horizontal actions perpendicular to the middle plain
227
3
3.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes
227
1
3.2 Limit analysis and the "arch effect"
228
2
3.3 Improving the strength of the wall
230
1
4 Walls subjected to horizontal actions parallel to the medium plane
230
5
4.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes
230
1
4.2 Limit analysis of a wall panel
231
1
4.2.1 The panels
231
1
4.2.2 Application of the Static Theorem
231
1
4.2.3 Application of the Kinematic Theorem
231
1
4.3 Limit analysis of a wall
231
2
4.3.1 Structural behaviour
231
1
4.3.2 Application of the Static Theorem
232
1
4.3.3 Application of the Kinematic Theorem
232
1
4.4 Improving the strength of the wall
233
2
5 Walls subjected to generic horizontal forces
235
1
6 The building
235
1
6.1 The global behaviour
235
1
6.2 Floors and roof
235
1
6.2.1 Vertical loads
235
1
6.2.2 Horizontal loads
235
1
6.3 The staircases
235
1
7 Curved structures
236
4
7.1 The behaviour due to the curvature
236
2
7.2 The equilibrium equations
238
1
7.3 Isostatic lines and stress flow
239
1
8 Arches and cables
240
2
8.1 Arches
240
1
8.2 Cables
240
2
9 Domes and vaults
242
2
9.1 Domes
242
1
9.2 Vaults
243
1
10. Shoring and methods of correcting permanent deformation
244
3
10.1 Introduction
244
1
10.2 The calculation of the shoring
244
1
10.3 The recovery of deformations
244
3
References
247
2
Author's Report Dramatic rescue of the tympanum of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi
249