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Tables of Contents for Unjustified Enrichment
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Table of Cases
xxix
Table of Abbreviations
xlvi
Introduction and Prefatory Overview of the Systems Considered
Introduction
1
5
Major Differences in Approach Between the Systems Considered
6
2
Consequences of the Differences of Approach for the Structure of This Book
8
2
The Influence of European Union Law
10
2
Prefatory Overview of the Systems Considered
12
1
England
12
3
The English system of civil courts
12
1
A common law system
13
1
The doctrine of precedent
14
1
Features of procedure
14
1
Mode of citation of cases
14
1
France
15
4
The French Court System
15
2
The Character of the arret
17
1
Mode of citation of cases
18
1
Germany
19
1
The role of case law
19
1
The Court system
19
1
The system of law reporting
20
1
Provisions of the BGB
20
1
The Netherlands
20
1
Scotland
21
6
Scots law
21
2
The character of pleadings and judgements in Scottish cases (including precedent)
23
2
Style of reporting of decisions and precedent
25
1
Mode of citation of cases
26
1
South Africa
27
4
The General Approach of the Law of Unjustified Enrichment
English Law
31
4
Introductory note
31
3
Restatement of the law of restitution (1937, American Law Institute)
34
1
House of Lords, Lipkin Gorman v. Karpnale Ltd. The Gambling solicitor
34
1
French Law
35
7
Introduction
35
1
No General Legislative Provision
35
1
Antecedents of the Modern Law
36
1
Gestion d'affaires
36
1
The action de in rem verso
37
1
The Foundation of the Modern Law---The Boudier Case
38
1
Absorption into quasi-contracts
39
1
Materials
39
1
Cass. Req., 15 June 1892, Patureau-Miran v. Boudier
39
3
German Law
42
16
Introduction
42
1
The Restitutionary Obligations in the BGB
43
1
Restitution in the owner-possessor relationship
44
2
Restitution following the termination of the contract owing to repudiation
46
2
Restitution according to the law on unjust enrichment
48
1
Other restitutionary obligations
49
1
Obligations Relating to the Reimbursement for Outlays
49
2
Enrichment Law According to §§ 812 sqq.
51
1
Materials
52
1
BS Markesinis, W Lorenz and G Danneman, The Law of Contracts and Restitution: a Comparative Introduction
52
2
E v. Caemmerer ``Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung''
54
1
BGH, 12 July 1996. The House of Sylt
55
3
Dutch Law
58
10
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
58
4
MH Bregstein, Seven specific cases
62
1
Hoge Raad, 30 January 1959. Quint v. te Poel. One General Remedy or a Limited Number of Specific Remedies?
63
5
Scots Law
68
22
Introduction
68
1
No general legislative provision
68
1
Nomenclature
68
1
General action or specific remedies?
68
4
Materials
72
1
General Principle and Taxonomy
72
1
WDH Sellar, ``Unjust enrichment''
72
1
Stair, Institutions
73
1
Stair, Institutions
74
1
Bankton, Institute of the laws of Scotland
74
1
Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973
75
1
HL MacQueen, Payment of another's debt
75
1
R Evans-Jones and P Hellewege, ``Some observations on the taxonomy of unjustified enrichment in Scots law''
76
1
WDH Sellar, ``Unjust Enrichment''
77
1
WDH Sellar, ``Shilliday v. Smith: unjust enrichment through the looking glass''
77
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Watson v. Shankland. The charterparty which failed
78
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Morgan Guaranty Trust Co of New York v. Lothian Regional Council. The ``swaps'' case
79
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Shilliday v. Smith. The disappointed co-habitee
80
3
House of Lords, Dollar Land (Cumbernauld) Ltd. v. CIN Properties Ltd. The irritated lease
83
1
``Marks'' or ``Notes'' of Recompense
84
1
WDH Sellar, ``Unjust Enrichment''
84
1
A Rodger, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
85
1
WDH Sellar, ``Unjust Enrichment''
85
1
N Whitty, ``The Taxonomy of Unjust Enrichment in Scots law''
86
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Edinburgh and District Tramways Co Ltd. v. Courtenay. The Edinburgh Tramcar
87
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Varney (Scotland) Ltd. v. Burgh of Lanark. The Burgh sewers
88
1
Court of Session (Inner House), Lawrence Building Co Ltd. v. Lanark County Council. The council sewers
89
1
South African Law
90
14
Introductory note
90
2
D Visser, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
92
4
Supreme Court of Appeal, McCarthy Retail Ltd. v. Shortdistance Carriers CC. McCarthy Retail
96
2
Supreme Court of Appeal, Kommissaris van Binnelandse Inkomste v. Willers. The Willers case
98
6
Enrichment
English Law
104
11
The defendant has acquired a benefit
104
3
P Birks ``In defence of Free Acceptance''
107
1
Restatement of Restitution (1937, American Law Institute)
107
1
P Birks ``Change of position and Surviving Enrichment'' in Swadling (ed) The Limits of Restitutionary Claims
108
1
Court of Appeal, Ministry of Defence v. Ashman. The abandoned family
109
2
House of Lords, BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd. v. Hunt (No 2). The Law Reform (Frustrated contracts) Act 1943
111
1
House of Lords, Lipkin Gorman v. Karpnale Ltd. The Gambling Solicitor
112
3
French Law
115
8
Introduction
115
1
How may the enrichment arise?
115
1
What constitutes enrichment?
115
1
``Moral enrichment''
116
1
Enrichment from a relationship
117
1
Time of enrichment
117
1
Indirect enrichment
118
1
Materials
118
1
Cass. Civ., 9 June 1979, Jeanne Roelandt v. Philippe Lavillaugouet
118
1
Cass. Com., 12 November 1967, Amseblem v. Bank N
119
1
Cass. Civ., 18 January 1960, Commune de Freneuse-sur-Risle v. Fayolte
119
3
Cass. Civ., 29 October 1982, Perrin v. Chevrier
122
1
German Law
123
16
Introduction
123
1
The ``something'' acquired
124
2
The enrichment
126
2
Change of position
128
1
Materials
129
1
The ``Something'' Acquired
129
1
E v. Caemmerer, ``Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung''
129
1
H-G Koppensteiner, E Kramer, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung
129
1
BGH, 2 November 1988. Fire Insurance
130
2
The Enrichment
132
1
H-G Koppensteiner, E Kramer, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung
132
1
St. Schauhoff, Die Bereicherungshaftung wegen der Nutzung rechtsgrundlos erlangten Geldes
133
1
BGH, 6 March 1998. Saved interests
134
2
BGH, 17 June 1992. Maintenance payments
136
3
Dutch Law
139
9
WHM Reehuis and EE Slob, NBW art. 5.14, Parlementaire Geschiedenis van het nieuwe burgelijke wetboek, Invoering Boeken 3,5 en 6, Zakelijke Rechten
139
1
EJH Schrage, `` Unjustified Enrichment''
140
2
Asser-Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht
142
1
EFD Engelhard and GE van Maanen, ``De vordering uit de ongerechtvaardigde verrijking''
143
1
Hoge Raad, 5 September 1997. Collector v. Hamm Mistaken Payment by Collector of Taxes
143
3
Hof Amsterdam, 24 October 1956. Scheringa v. De Geus The Disappointed Father in Law
146
1
Hoge Raad, 29 January 1993. Van Rijswijk v. Vermobo The piggery on father's land
147
1
Scots Law
148
7
Measure of enrichment and measure of recovery
149
1
The time of enrichment
150
1
Accession
150
1
Stair, Institutions
151
1
Court of Session, Findlay v. Monro. The salted ox
152
1
Court of Session, Walker v. Spence and Carfrae. The slaughtered sheep
152
2
Court of Session, Faulds v. Townsend. The boiled horse
154
1
Court of Session, Royal Bank of Scotland plc v. Watt. The trusted stranger
154
1
South African Law
155
16
What constitutes enrichment?
155
2
The calculation of the time and extent of the enrichment: the defence of loss of enrichment
157
2
Supreme Court of Appeal, B&H Engineering v. First National Bank of South Africa Ltd. B&H Engineering
159
3
DH van Zyl, ``Unauthorised Payment and Unjust Enrichment in Banking Law''
162
3
Supreme Court of Appeal, African Diamond Exporters (Pty.) Ltd. v. Barclays Bank International Ltd. African Diamond Exporters
165
6
Impoverishment
English Law
171
5
Introductory note
171
2
P Birks, Restitution---The Future
173
1
Court of Appeal, Kleinworth Benson Ltd. v. Birmingham City Council. The hedged void swaps
174
2
French Law
176
1
What constitutes impoverishment?
176
3
Effect of a ``liberal intention''
176
1
25 June 1924, Jouffrey v. Laurent
177
2
German Law
179
13
Introduction
179
1
The criterion ``at the expense''
180
1
The concept of performance in claims of enrichment by performance
180
4
The criteria ``at the expense'' in relation to the claim of enrichment by non-performance
184
1
A uniform definition of enrichment?
185
1
Materials
186
1
W Wilburg, Die Lehre von der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherung nach osterreichischem und deutschem Recht. Kritik und Aufbau
186
1
R Zimmerman and J du Plessis, ``Basic Features of the German Law of Unjustified Enrichment''
187
1
BGH, 20 June 1990. Invalid assignement
188
2
BGH, 9 March 1989. Research costs
190
2
Dutch Law
192
12
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
192
4
Asser-Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht
196
1
EFD Engelhard and GE van Maanen, ``De vordering uit ongerechtvaardigde verrijking''
197
1
Hoge Raad, 12 June 1987. Kriek v. Smit Divorce and Fair Calculation
198
1
Hoge Raad, 11 April 1986. Baartman v. Huijbers The D-I-Y Husband
199
1
Hoge Raad, 26 January 2001. Standard Group Holland B. V. v. ING Bank N. V. The Defence of Unjust Enrichment
200
4
Scots Law
204
1
Introductory note
204
1
Gloag, Contract
204
1
Court of Session (Inner House) Edinburgh and District Tramways Ltd. v. Courtenay. The Edinburgh Tramcar
204
1
South African Law
205
1
Introductory note
205
3
S Eiselen and G Pienaar, Unjustified Enrichment: A Casebook
205
3
Causal Connection
English Law
208
1
Introductory note
208
1
French Law
209
2
Introductory note
209
1
The measure of recovery
210
1
Cass. Civ., Oustry v. Lestrade 19 January 1953
210
1
German Law
211
16
Introduction
211
1
The ``immediateness'' of the transfer of assets and the ``principle of subsidiarity''
212
3
Enrichment and mutuality
215
2
The causal connection between ``enrichment'' and ``loss of enrichment''
217
1
``Aufgedrangte Bereicherung'' (Enforced Enrichment)
218
1
Materials
219
1
W Fikentscher, Schuldrecht
219
1
M Lieb in Munchener Kommentar zum BGB
220
1
BGH, 14 April 1992. Joachim Fuchsberger
221
2
BGH, 14 October 1971. Used car (``Gebrauchtwagen-Fall II'')
223
4
Dutch Law
227
3
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
227
2
EFD Engelhard and GE van Maanen, ``De vordering uit de ongerechtvaardigde verrijking''
229
1
Scots Law
230
5
Introductory note
230
1
Kames, Principles of Equity
231
1
N Whitty, ``Indirect Enrichment in Scots Law''
232
1
D Visser and S Miller, ``Between Principle and Policy: Indirect Enrichment in Subcontractor and `Garage Repair' Cases''
233
1
Sheriff Court, Kirklands Garage (Kinross) Ltd. v. Clark. The Garage Repair
234
1
Court of Session, Cran v. Dodson. The bankrupt stevedore
235
1
South African Law
235
17
Introductory note
235
3
Supreme Court of Appeal, Buzzard Electrical (Pty) v. 158 Jan Smuts Investments (Pty) Ltd. Buzzard Electrical
238
4
Cape High Court, ABSA Bank tla Bankfin v. CB Stander tla CAW Paneelkloppers. CB Stander
242
7
S Eiselen and G Pienaar, Unjustified Enrichment: A Casebook
249
3
Absence of Justification or Cause
English Law
252
80
The Grounds of Restitution
252
1
Introductory note
252
2
P Birks and R Chambers, The Restitution Research Resource
254
1
Mistake
255
1
Introductory note
255
5
Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, section 6
260
1
Queen's Bench Division, Barclays Bank Ltd. v. WJ Simms Son & Cooke (Southern) Ltd. Payment on a stopped cheque
260
3
House of Lords, Kleinwort Benson Ltd. v. Lincoln City Council. The void swaps
263
6
Court of Appeal, Greenwood v. Bennett. Fixing a stolen car
269
1
Practical Compulsion or Duress
270
1
Introductory note
270
3
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Barton v. Armstrong. Threat to murder
273
1
Court of King's Bench, Astley v. Reynolds. The pawned plate
274
1
Court of Appeal, B&S Contracts and Design Ltd. v. Victor Green publications Ltd. Trouble at the building site
275
1
House of Lords, Dimiskal Shipping Co SA v. International Transportworkers' Federation. ``Blacking'' of ship during industrial dispute
276
1
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, The Port Caledonia and the Anna. ``£1000 or no rope''
277
1
Court of Appeal, CTN Cash and Carry Ltd.. v. Gallaher. The missing cigarettes
278
3
King's Bench Division, Mutual Finance Ltd. v. John Wetton & Sons Ltd. Threat to tell father
281
1
Legal Compulsion
282
1
Introductory note
282
1
Court of Appeal, Brooks Wharf & Bull Wharf Ltd. v. Goodman Brothers. Tax on stolen squirrel skins
282
2
House of Lords, Esso Petroleum Ltd. v. Hall Russell & Co Ltd. The polluted sheep
284
1
Exploitation
285
1
Introductory note
285
1
Court of Appeal, Allcard v. Skinner. The novice nun
286
2
House of Lords, Barclays Bank PLC v. O'Brien. The surety wife or sexually transmitted debt
288
3
House of Lords, Royal Bank of Scotland v. Etridge. Beyond surety wives
291
4
Privy Council, Boustany v. Pigott. The ``quite slow'' rich old lady
295
1
Failure of Consideration
296
1
Introduction
296
1
Breach of contract
297
3
Frustration of contract
300
1
Non-contractual failure of consideration
301
1
Anticipated contracts which do not eventuate
301
2
Unenforceable or void contracts
303
2
Materials
305
1
Court of Appeal, Rowland v. Divall. Sale of stolen car
305
1
Court of Appeal, Sumpter v. Hedges. Claim for incomplete building work
306
1
Court of Common Pleas, Planche v. Colburn. The unfinished book
307
1
Queen's Bench Division, BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd. v. Hunt (no. 2). The expropriated oil field
307
6
Court of Appeal, Chillingworth v. Esche. The reneging buyer
313
1
Queen's Bench Division, William Lacey (Hounslow) Ltd. v. Davis. Redevelopment scheme shelved
314
2
Queen's Bench Division, British Steel Corp v. Cleveland Bridge and Engeneering Co Ltd. Steel nodes supplied
316
1
House of Lords, Westdeutsche landesbank Girozentrale v. Islington London Borough Council. The void swaps agreement
317
1
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Goss v. Chilcott. The loaned out loan
318
2
Ultra Vires Demands by Public Authorities
320
1
Introductory note
320
1
House of Lords, Woolwich Equitable Building Society v. Inland Revenue Commissioners. The Greedy Tax Authority
320
2
Necessity
322
1
Introductory note
322
2
Court of Common Pleas, Jenkins v. Tucker. Deceased's father recovers burial expenses from deceased's husband
324
1
Court of Appeal, Falcke v. Scottish Imperial Insurance. The Volunteer Payer
325
1
House of Lords, China Pacific SA v. Food Corporation of India, The Winson. Storage of cargo from stranded ship
325
2
Court of Appeal, Matheson v. Smiley. Unsuccessful rescue from suicide
327
1
House of Lords, Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation). Sterilisation of handicapped woman
327
2
Illegality
329
1
Introductory note
329
2
Queen's Bench Division and Court of Appeal, Taylor v. Bowers. Deception of creditors not carried through
331
1
Court of Appeal, Tribe v. Tribe. Needless deception and the bad son
332
1
French Law
332
11
Introduction
332
1
The first restriction on the Boudier case
332
1
Definition of cause
333
1
Justification by a rule of law
333
1
Justification by a bilateral juridical act
334
1
Justification by a unilateral juridical act
334
1
Justification in cases of indirect enrichment
335
1
Analysis of situations in which indirect enrichment may occur
336
2
Cause of impoverishment?
338
1
Cases and Materials
338
1
Flour and Aubert, Les Obligations. 2. Le Fait Juridique
338
1
Cass. Req., Leloup v. Lutier 18 October 1898
339
1
Cass. Req., Chagnon v. de Choudens 12 February 1923
340
1
Cass. civ., Demoiselle d'Astugue de Sinceny v. Grumbach & Co 11 February 1931
340
2
Cass. Req., Bank of Guadeloupe v. Giescher and others 7 February 1905
342
1
German Law
343
10
Introduction
343
1
``Without legal cause'' in claims of enrichment by performance
343
2
``Without legal basis'' in view of claims of enrichment by non-performance
345
1
Materials
346
1
D Konig, Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung. Tatbestande und Ordnungsprobleme in rechtsvergleichender Sicht
346
2
BGH, 8 July 1982. Failure of marriage
348
3
BGH, 11 January 1971. Young bulls (``Jungbullen- Fall'')
351
2
Dutch Law
353
11
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
353
1
Asser-Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht
354
3
EFD Engelhard and GE van Maanen, ``De vordering uit ongerechtvaardigde verrijking''
357
1
HCF Schoordijk, Het algemeen gedeelte van het verbintenissenrecht naar het Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek
358
2
Hoge Raad, 18 April 1969. Katwijk v. Westdijk Precontractual enrichment
360
1
Hoge Raad, 25 October 1991. Cornelissen v. Groningen Windfall in social welfare
361
1
Hoge Raad, 12 September 1997. Receiver of Revenue v. R Erroneous tax authorities
362
1
Hoge Raad, 30 June 2000. Ermer Management N.V. v. ABN Amro Bank N. V. Black Hole Systems Software
363
1
Scots Law
364
12
Introduction
364
1
No Purpose of Donation?
364
1
The Role of Error
365
1
Error in fact and error in law: repetition
365
1
Excusable error
366
1
Error as a ``mark'' or ``note'' of recompense?
366
1
Error. private citizens and public authority
367
1
Error in the levying of tax; a Constitutional argument
367
1
Illegal Contracts (Pacta illicita)
367
1
Materials
368
1
Absence of Cause; No Purpose of Donation?
368
1
Stair, Institutions
368
1
Bankton, Institute
368
1
Court of Session, Varney (Scotland) Ltd. v. Burgh of Lanark. The Burgh sewers
368
1
Court of Session, Lawrence Building Company v. Lanark County Council. The council sewers
369
1
Court of Session, Shilliday v. Smith. The disappointed co-habitee
369
1
House of Lords, Dollar Land (Cumbernauld) Ltd. v. CIN Properties Ltd. The irritated lease
369
1
Error
370
1
Bankton, Institute
370
1
Erskine, Institutes
370
1
Whole Court of Session, Stirling v. E of Lauderdale. The earl paid in error
370
1
Whole Court of Session, Carrick v. Carse. The careless cautioner
371
1
Court of Session, Taylor v. Wilson's Trs. The incautious liquidator
371
1
Court of Session, Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York v. Lothian Regional Council. The ``swaps'' case
372
2
Illegal Contract
374
1
Laura Macgregor, ``Illegal Contracts and Unjustified Enrichment''
374
1
Court of Session, Cuthbertson v. Lowes. Potatoes by the ``Scotch'' acre
375
1
Court of Session, Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. Of New York v. Lothian Regional Council. The ``swaps'' case
376
1
South African Law
376
49
Introduction
376
1
Enrichment Due to Transfer
377
1
Transfer of money or property on an obligation when there is in fact no obligation to make the transfer
377
2
Enrichment in the context of failed contracts
379
4
Enrichment Due to Unauthorised Expenditure
383
1
The unauthorized administration of the affairs of another
383
1
Improvement of the physical property of another
384
4
Enrichment Due to Encroachment
388
1
Materials
389
1
S Eiselen and G Pienaar, Unjustified Enrichment: A Casebook
389
2
The Alienation of Land Rights Act, 68 of 1981, section 28
391
1
JE du Plessis, Compulsion and Restitution
392
2
Supreme Court of Appeal, Willis Faber Enthoven v. Receiver of Revenu. Willis Faber
394
8
Supreme Court of Appeal, Bowman, De Wet and Du Plessis NNO v. Fidelity Bank Ltd. Bowman, De Wet
402
2
Durban and Coast Local Division, Henry v. Branfield. Henry
404
1
Supreme Court of Appeal, Visser v. Rousseau. Visser
405
3
Supreme Court of Appeal, Thompson v. Scholtz. Thompson
408
7
Cape Provincial Division, Standard Bank Financial Services v. Taylam. Taylam
415
10
Subsidiarity
English Law
425
2
Introductory note
425
2
French Law
427
13
Introduction
427
1
Meaning and basis
427
1
Refinement of the principle
427
1
Distinction between obstacles of law and obstacles of fact
428
1
Criticism of the distinction
429
1
Recent developments
430
1
Subsidiarity and Cause
430
1
Materials
431
1
Cass. Req., 12 May 1914. Clayette v. Liquidator of the Congregation of the Missionaries of La Salette The Clayette case
432
1
Cass. civ., 2 March 1915. Ville de Bagneres-de-Bigorre v. Brianhant
432
1
Cass. Req., 11 September 1940. Soc. des Habitations a bon marche de Saint-Servan v. Gorge
433
1
Flour and Aubert, Les Obligations, 2. Le Fait Juridique
434
2
Jacques Mestre, Case-note on the subsidiary character of the action de in rem verso
436
1
Cass. civ., 3 June 1997. Vallet v. Cie La Preservatrice Fonciere
437
1
B Nicholas, Modern Developments in the French Law of Unjust Enrichment
438
2
German Law
440
12
Introduction
440
1
Enrichment law and the owner-possessor relationship
441
2
Enrichment law and reversal of legal transactions according to §§ 346 sqq
443
2
Enrichment law and unauthorised management
445
1
Materials
446
1
D Reuter and M Martinek, Ungerechtfertigte Bereichung
446
1
W Lorenz, ``Inhalt und Umfang der Herausgabepflicht bei der Leistungskondiktion in rechtsvergleichender Sicht''
447
1
BGH, 29 September 1995. Building on another's land
448
1
OLG Munchen, 10 December 1987. Ambulance
449
3
Dutch Law
452
18
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment''
452
3
Asser-Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht
455
2
EFD Engelhard and GE van Maanen, ``De vordering uit ongerechtvaardigde verrijking''
457
3
JBM Vranken, De strijd om het nieuwe verrijkingsrecht; literatuur versus rechtspraak
460
1
MH Bregstein, Ongegronde vermogensvermeerdering
461
5
HCF Schoordijk, Het algemeen gedeelte van het verbintenissenrecht naar het Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek
466
1
Hoge Raad, 15 March 1996. Van der Tuuk Adriani v. Batelaan The Deprived GP
466
4
Hoge Raad, 2 February 2001. Halsman v. Van der Graaf The Deprived GP (2)
470
1
Scots Law
470
16
General Principle
470
1
Unjustified enrichment and contract
470
2
WDH Sellar, ``Unjust Enrichment''
472
2
Gloag, Contract
474
1
HL MacQueen, ``Contract, unjustified enrichment and concurrent liability: a Scots perspective''
475
1
R Evans-Jones, ``Unjust Enrichment, Contract and the Third Reception of Roman Law in Scotland''
476
1
Court of Session, Varney (Scotland) Ltd. v. Burgh of Lanark. The burgh sewers
477
1
Court of Session, Lawrence Building Co. v. Lanark County Council. The council sewers
478
1
House of Lords, Dollar Land (Cumbernauld) Ltd. v. CIN Properties Ltd. The irritated lease
479
1
Court of Session, Watson v. Shankland. The charterparty which failed
479
1
House of Lords, Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd. Marine engines for Trieste
480
1
Court of Session, Ramsay & Son v. Brand. The badly constructed cottage
481
1
Court of Session, Graham & Company v. United Turkey Red Company Limited. The commission agent
482
1
Court of Session, Zemhunt (Holdings) Ltd. v. Control Securities plc. The ten per cent deposit
483
1
Court of Session, Connelly v. Simpson. The transfer of shares
484
2
South African Law
486
4
Introductory note
486
1
Witwatersrand Provincial Division, ABSA Bank Ltd. v. De Klerk. ABSA Bank
487
3
Interest, Fault and Risk
English Law
490
3
Introductory note
490
1
Court of Appeal, Owen v. Tate. The Generous Friend and the Nervous Guarantor
491
1
Court of Appeal, Falcke v. Scottish Imperial Insurance. The Volunteer Payer
492
1
French Law
493
5
Introduction
493
1
The case of the genealogis
494
1
A different view
495
1
The plaintiff who is at fault
495
1
Materials
496
1
G Viney, note on Cass. civ., 3 June 1997
496
1
J Mestre, Extracts from two case-notes on the effect of the plaintiff's fault
497
1
German Law
498
10
Introduction
498
1
Awareness of the non-existing obligation
498
1
Own interest
499
1
Own risk
500
1
Violation of statutory prohibition or good morals
501
2
Materials
503
1
BS Markesinis, W Lorenz and G Danneman, The Law of Contracts and Restitution: a comparative introduction
503
1
BGH, 7 May 1997. Insurance premiums
504
2
BGH, 5 October 1993. Honorary counsel of Sierra Leone
506
2
Dutch Law
508
7
EJH Schrage, ``Unjustified Enrichment; Recent Dutch developments from a comparative and historical perspective''
508
2
JBM Vranken, De strijd om het nieuwe verrijkingsrecht; literatuur versus rechtsspraak
510
4
Hoge Raad, 28 June 1996. M-Group v. The Collector of taxes on income, profits and net wealth Location of tax assessments
514
1
Scots Law
515
6
Introductory note
515
1
Gloag, Contract
516
1
Court of Session, Varney (Scotland) Ltd. v. Burgh of Lanark. The burgh sewers
517
1
Court of Session, Lawrence Building Co. v. Lanark County Council. The council sewers
518
1
Court of Session, Newton v. Newton. The disappointed husband
519
1
Court of Session, Shilliday v. Smith. The disappointed co-habitee
520
1
South African Law
521
3
Restitution for Wrongs
English Law
524
19
Introduction
524
1
Torts, intellectual property infringements and equitable wrongs
525
2
Breach of contract
527
3
Materials
530
1
House of Lords, United Australia Ltd. v. Barclays Bank Ltd. Conversion of cheque
530
2
Court of Appeals of Kentucky, Edwards v. Lee's administrators. The Great Onyx Cave
532
1
Queen's Bench Division, Penarth Dock Engineering Co Ltd. v. Pounds. The floating pontoon
533
1
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Inverugie Investments Ltd. v. Hackett. The hotel rooms
533
2
Court of Appeal, Stoke-on-Trent City Council v. W and J Wass Ltd. The rival market
535
2
Court of Appeal, Halifax Building Society v. Thomas. The lying mortgager
537
1
House of Lords, Attorney-General v. Blake. Profits from the spy's book
538
5
French Law
543
1
Introductory note
543
1
Cass. Req., 21 December 1926. Chemin de fer du Nord v. Soc. anon. des Mines d' Alais
543
1
German Law
544
12
Introduction
544
1
Punitive elements in the law of enrichment
544
2
The law of delict instead of the law of enrichment?
546
2
Materials
548
1
M Lieb, Munchener Kommentar zum Burgerlichen Gesetzbuch
548
1
BGH, 7 January 1971. Air journey (``Flugreise-Fall'')
549
4
BGH, 15 November 1995. Caroline of Monaco
553
2
P Schlechtriem, ``Anmerkung zu BGH, Urteil v. 15.11.1995''
555
1
Dutch Law
556
7
Introductory note
556
2
Hoge Raad, 24 December 1993. Waeyen-Scheers v. Naus Restitution for wrongdoing
558
3
Hoge Raad, 14 April 2000. HBS Trading BV and Spendax BV v. Danestyle Leisure Accessories A/S Forged headrests
561
2
Scots Law
563
2
Introductory note
563
1
John Blackie, ``Enrichment and Wrongs in Scots Law''
564
1
John Blackie, ``Enrichment, Wrongs and Invasions of Rights in Scots Law''
564
1
South African Law
565
8
Introductory note
556
10
DH van Zyl, Enrichment and Wrongs in South African Law
566
3
Transvaal Provincial Division Montres Rolex SA v. Kleynhans. Montres Rolex
569
4
Provisions of the Dutch Civil Code
573
3
Provisions of the BGB
576