Acknowledgements

Introduction

Paul Westhead

Mike Wright

PART I ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY

`What Are We Talking About When We Talk About Entrepreneurship?', Journal of Business Venturing, 5 (1), January, 15--28

William B. Gartner

`Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization', Academy of Management Review, 9 (2), April, 354--9

James W. Carland Frank Hoy

William R. Boulton

Jo Ann C. Carland

`Entrepreneurship and Paths to Business Ownership', Strategic Management Journal, 7 (1), January-February, 53--68

Arnold C. Cooper

William C. Dunkelberg

`The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Person at the Crossroads', Journal of Management Studies, 14 (1), February, 34--57

M.F.R. Kets De Vries

`Strategic Management's Potential Contributions to a Theory of Entrepreneurship', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (3), Spring, 73--90

William R. Sandberg

`Theorizing about Entrepreneurship', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (2), Winter, 13--22

William D. Bygrave

Charles W. Hofer

`Sociology and Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Contributions', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (2), Winter, 47--70

Paul D. Reynolds

`A Prospectus on the ANthropology of Entrepreneurship', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (2), Winter, 71--91

Alex Stewart

`Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance', Academy of Management Review, 21 (1), January, 135--72

G.T. Lumpkin

Gregory G. Dess

`Using Cognitive Theory to Explain Entrepreneurial Risk-Taking: Challenging Conventional Wisdom', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (6), November, 425--38

Leslie E. Palich

D. Ray Bagby

`Entrepreneurship and Professional Management: A Fatal Distinction', International Small Business Journal, 13 (2), January-March, 34--46

Tony J. Watson

`A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (1), Fall, 7--25

Jeffrey G. Covin

Dennis P. Slevin

`Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive', Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5), Part 1, October, 893--921

William J. Baumol

`Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs', Journal of Business Venturing, 7 (2), March, 115--35

Rita Gunther McGrath

Ian C. MacMillan

Sari Scheinberg

PART II METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

```Who Is an Entrepreneur?'' Is the Wrong Question', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13 (4), Summer, 47--68

William B. Gartner

`Measuring Entrepreneurship Over Time', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (4), July, 283--301

William B. Gartner

Scott A. Shane

`Firm-Level Entrepreneurship and Field Research: The Studies in Their Methodological Context', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (3), Spring, 25--34

Grant T. Savage

Janice A. Black

PART III ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION AND INFORMATION SEARCH

`Entrepreneurial Information Search', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (2), March, 107--20

Arnold C. Cooper

Timothy B. Folta

Carolyn Woo

`Constellations of Firms and New Ventures', Journal of Business Venturing, 3 (1), Winter, 41--57

Gianni Lorenzoni

Oscar A. Ornati

`Networking and Growth of Young Technology-Intensive Ventures in China', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (5), September, 349--70

Liming Zhao

John D. Aram

PART IV FINANCE FOR ENTREPRENEURS

`Commercial Bank Financing of White- and Black-Owned Small Business Start-ups', Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 31 (1), Spring, 64--80

Timothy Bates

`Procedural Justice in Entrepreneur-Investor Relations', Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), June, 544--74

Harry J. Sapienza

M. Audrey Korsgaard

`A Prisoner's Dilemma Approach to Entrepreneur-Venture Capitalist Relationships', Academy of Management Review, 22 (1), January, 142--76

Daniel M. Cable

Scott Shane

`The CEO, Venture Capitalists, and the Board', Journal of Business Venturing, 8 (2), March, 99--113

Joseph Rosenstein

Albert V. Bruno

William D. Bygrave

Natalie T. Taylor

`New Venture Teams' Assessment of Learning Assistance from Venture Capital Firms', Journal of Business Venturing, 11 (4), July, 257--72

Jay B. Barney

Lowell W. Busenlts

James O. Fiet

Douglas D. Moesel

`Venture Capitalists and Serial Entrepreneurs', Journal of Business Venturing, 12 (3), May, 227--49

Mike Wright

Ken Robbie

Christine Ennew

`Angels and Non-Angels: Are There Differences?', Journal of Business Venturing, 9 (2), March, 109--23

John Freear

Jeffrey E. Sohl

William E. Wetzel, Jr.

`After the Cash Arrives: A Comparative Study of Venture Capital and Private Investor Involvement in Entrepreneurial Firms', Journal of Business Venturing, 9 (1), January, 67--82

Sanford B. Ehrlich

Alex F. De Noble

Tracy Moore

Richard R. Weaver

Name Index

PART I ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREERS

`Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Careers', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (2), Winter, 7--21

W. Gibb Dyer, Jr.

`Modelling Entrepreneurial Career Progressions: Concepts and Considerations', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (2), Winter, 23--39

Jerome A. Katz

`Strategic Windows in the Entrepreneurial Process', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (5), September, 331--47

Michael Harvey

Rodney Evans

`Exit, Stage Left: Why Entrepreneurs End Their Entrepreneurial Careers Before Retirement', Journal of Business Venturing, 1 (3), Fall, 323--38

Robert Ronstadt

`Determinants of Willingness and Opportunity to Start as an Entrepreneur', Kyklos, 48 (4), 513--40

C. Mirjam Van Praag

Hans Van Ophem

PART II TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS

`Who Starts New Firms?-Preliminary Explorations of Firms-in-Gestation', Small Business Economics, 9 (5), October, 449--62

Paul D. Reynolds

`Exploring Start-Up Event Sequences', Journal of Business Venturing, 11 (3), May, 151--66

Nancy M. Carter

William B. Gartner

Paul D. Reynolds

`A Comparison of Assistance Needs of Male and Female Pre-Venture Entrepreneurs', Journal of Business Venturing, 5 (4), July, 235--48

James J. Chrisman

Alan L. Carsrud

Julio DeCastro

Lanny Herron

`The Development and Interpretation of Entrepreneurial Typologies', Journal of Business Venturing, 6 (2), March, 93--111

Carolyn Y. Woo

Arnold C. Cooper

William C. Dunkelberg

`Novice, Portfolio, and Serial Founders: Are They Different?', Journal of Business Venturing, 13 (3), May, 173--204

Paul Westhead

Mike Wright

PART III ENVIRONMENTS FOR VENTURE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT

`Small Firms' Seedbed Role and the Concept of Turbulence', Journal of Industrial Economics, XXXIII (2), December, 217--31

M.E. Beesley

R.T. Hamilton

`New Firms, Small Firms and Dead Firms: Spatial Patterns and Determinants in the United Kingdom', Regional Studies, 28 (4), July, 411--27

David Keeble

Sheila Walker

`Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implications', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18 (4), Summer, 43--62

Devi R. Gnyawali

Daniel S. Fogel

`The Role of Incubator Organizations in the Founding of Growth-Oriented Firms,' Journal of Business Venturing, 1 (1), Winter, 75--86

Arnold C. Cooper

`A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation', Academy of Management Review, 10 (4), October, 696--706

William B. Gartner

`Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments', Strategic Management Journal, 10 (1), January-February, 75--87

Jeffrey G. Covin

Dennis P. Slevin

`The Population Ecology of Organizations', American Journal of Sociology, 82 (5), March, 929--64

Michale T. Hannan

John Freeman

`Munificence and Carrying Capacity of the Environment and Organization Formation', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17 (2), Winter, 77--86

Pamela Hammers Specht

`Using an Ecological Perspective to Study Organizational Founding Rates', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14 (3), Spring, 7--24

Howard E. Aldrich

`A Critical Exploration of Sponsorship, Infrastructure, and New Organizations', Small Business Economics, 5 (2), June, 129--56

David M. Flynn

`The Development of an Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship', Journal of Business Venturing, 8 (3), May, 211--30

Andrew H. Van de Ven

PART IV VENTURE GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE

`Challenges in Predicting New Firm Performance', Journal of Business Venturing, 8 (3), May, 241--53

Arnold C. Cooper

`New Firms: Societal Contribution Versus Survival Potential', Journal of Business Venturing, 2 (3), Summer, 231--46

Paul D. Reynolds

`Growth and Performance Contrasts Between ``Types'' of Small Firms', Strategic Management Journal, 11 (7), November-December, 535--57

Sue Birley

Paul Westhead

`Continued Entrepreneurship: Ability, Need, and Opportunity as Determinants of Small Firm Growth', Journal of Business Venturing, 6 (6), November, 405--29

Per Davidsson

`Small Business and Job Creation: Dissecting the Myth and Reassessing the Facts', Small Business Economics, 8 (4), August, 297--315

Steven J. Davis

John Haltiwanger

Scott Schuh

`A Taxonomy of Business Start-Up Reasons and their Impact on Firm Growth and Size', Journal of Business Venturing, 9 (1), January, 7--31

Sue Birley

Paul Westhead

`Business Similarity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Pre-Ownership Experience and Venture Performance', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20 (3), Spring, 51--65

Gaylen N. Chandler

`Five Stages of Growth in Small Business', Long Range Planning, 20, Number 3, June, 45--52

Mel Scott

Richard Bruce

`Management Training and Small Firm Performance: Why is the Link So Weak?', International Small Business Journal, 14 (4), July-September, 13--24

Paul Westhead

David Storey

Name Index

PART I ORGANIZATION CLOSURE

`Gender and Organizational Performance: Determinants of Small Business Survival and Success', Academy of Management Journal, 34 (1), March, 136--61

Arne L. Kalleberg

Kevin T. Leicht

`The State of the Art of Small Firm Failure Prediction: Achievements and Prognosis', International Small Business Journal, 9 (4), July-September, 11--29

Kevin Keasey

Robert Watson

`The Determinants of Exit in an Open Economy', Small Business Economics, 3 (3), September, 225--32

Joseph E. Flynn

`Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations', American Sociological Review, 57 (2), April, 227--42

Josef Bruderl

Peter Preisendorfer

Rolf Ziegler

`Discontinuance Among New Firms in Retail: The Influence of Initial Resources, Strategy, and Gender', Journal of Business Venturing, 12 (2), March, 125--45

Nancy M. Carter

Mary Williams

Paul D. Reynolds

`Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms', Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (4), December, 750--83

Javier Gimeno

Timothy B. Folta

Arnold C. Cooper

Carolyn Y. Woo

PART II INTERNATIONALIZATION

`On the Internationalization Process of Firms: A Critical Analysis', Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (2), Second Quarter, 209--31

Otto Andersen

`Explaining the Formation of International New Ventures: The Limits of Theories from International Business Research', Journal of Business Venturing, 9 (6), November, 469--87

Patricia Phillips McDougall

Scott Shane

Benjamin M. Oviatt

`Small Businesses and Exporting: A Literature Review', International Small Business Journal, 6 (2), January-March, 42--61

Kurt J. Miesenbock

`The Impact of Internal Factors on the Export Success of Dutch Small and Medium-Sized Firms', Journal of Small Business Management, 32 (2), April, 69--83

Tammo H.A. Bijmolt

Peter S. Zwart

PART III CORPORATE VENTURING

`Environment, Corporate Entrepreneurship, and Financial Performance: A Taxonomic Approach', Journal of Business Venturing, 8 (4), July, 319--40

Shaker A. Zahra

`Intrapreneurship in Small Businesses: An Exploratory Study', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21 (1), Fall, 5--20

Camille Carrier

`Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18 (3), Spring, 91--104

Norris F. Krueger, Jr.

Deborah V. Brazeal

`The Advantage Chain: Antecedents to Rents from Internal Corporate Ventures', Journal of Business Venturing, 9 (5), September, 351--69

Rita Gunther McGrath

S. Venkataraman

Ian C. MacMillan

`Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship-Performance Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis', Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (1), January, 43--58

Shaker A. Zahra

Jeffrey G. Covin

`Venture Capital and Management-Led, Leveraged Buy-Outs: A European Perspective', Journal of Business Venturing, 7 (1), January, 47--71

Mike Wright

Steve Thompson

Ken Robbie

PART IV FAMILY FIRMS

`The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History', Business History, 35 (4), October, Special Issue, 17--43

Roy Church

`An Empirical Examination of Ownership Structure in Family and Professionally Managed Firms', Family Business Review, V (2), Summer, 117--36

Catherine M. Daily

Marc J. Dollinger

`The Farm as a Family Business: A Review', Journal of Agricultural Economics, 39 (1), January, 1--41

R. Gasson

G. Crow

A. Errington

J. Hutson

T. Marsden

D. M. Winter

`Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Research', Family Business Review, VII (2), Summer, 133--57

Wendy C. Handler

`Emerging Business, Emerging Field: Entrepreneurship and the Family Firm', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (1), Fall, 9--23

Frank Hoy

Trudy G. Verser

PART V TECHNOLOGY-BASED FIRMS

`Innovation in Large and Small Firms: An Empirical Analysis', American Economic Review, 78 (4), September, 678--90

Zoltan J. Acs

David B. Audretsch

`Links Between Higher Education Institutions and High Technology Firms', Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 23 (4), August, 345--60

P. Westhead

D.J. Storey

`University-Related Science Parks-``Seedbeds'' or ``Enclaves'' of Innovation?', Technovation, 14 (2), 93--110

Daniel Felsenstein

`Patterns of Growth, Competitve Technology, and Financial Strategies in Young Ventures', Journal of Business Venturing, 6 (3), May, 189--208

Joseph E. McCann

`Tightening the Life-Cycle Construct: A Taxonomic Study of Growth Stage Configurations in High-Technology Organizations', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18 (2), Winter, 5--29

Steven H. Hanks

Collin J. Watson

Erik Jansen

Gaylen N. Chandler

PART VI FRANCHISING

`Franchising, Brand Name Capital, and the Entrepreneurial Capacity Problem', Strategic Management Journal, 9, Special Issue, Summer, 105--14

Seth W. Norton

`Shifting the Frontier of Control: Small Firm Autonomy Within a Franchise', International Small Business Journal, 12 (2), January-March, 50--62

Alan Felstead

`Hybrid Organizational Arrangements and their Implications for Firm Growth and Survival: A Study of New Franchisors', Academy of Management Journal, 39 (1), February, 216--34

Scott A. Shane

`Toward a Theory of Conflict in the Franchise System', Journal of Business Venturing, 11 (5), September, 329--42

Steve Spinelli

Sue Birley

`Cooperative Arrangements among Entrepreneurs: An Analysis of Opportunism and Communication in Franchise Structures', Journal of Business Research, 36 (1), May, 67--79

Jule B. Gassenheimer

David B. Baucus

Melissa S. Baucus

Name Index