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Tables of Contents for Sex Equality
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
INTRODUCTION
v
ACKNOWLEDGVIENTS
vii
PERMISSIONS
xi
TABLE OF CASES
xli
PART I: FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 1 Equality
I. Equality Under Law
3
17
A. The Aristotelian Approach to Equality
4
8
B. Equality the United States Constitution
12
5
C Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
17
3
II. Sex Inequality Under Law
20
4
III. Comparative Legal Equality Approaches
24
33
A. A Canadian Alternative
24
11
B. The Emerging European Community Approach
35
3
C. The South African Approach
38
19
IV. Sex Equality Under International Law 43
Chapter 2 Race and Racism
I. Early Precedents
57
29
A. Facial Discrimination: Plessy v. Ferguson
57
12
B. Disparate Impact: Yick Wo v. Hopkins
69
3
C. Strict Scrutiny: Korematsu v. United States
72
8
D. Public and Private: Shelley v. Kraemer
80
6
II. Contemporary Developments
86
59
A. Facial Discrimination: Brown v. Board of Education
86
8
B. Disparate Impact: Griggs v. Duke Power Co
94
8
C. Discriminatory Intent: Washington v. Davis
102
11
D. Affirmative Action: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
113
19
E. Racist Hate Speech: R. v. Keegstra
132
13
Chapter 3 Sex and Sexism
3.1 WORK
145
65
I. Women's Economic Reality: A Brief Statistical Overview
146
4
II. Exclusion from Work in Law: Bradwell v. Illinois
150
8
III. Sex Stereotyping at Work
158
18
A. Sex Stereotyping in Society
158
6
B. Sex Stereotyping as Sex Discrimination in Employment: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
164
12
IV. Pay Equity
176
22
A. Equal Pay
176
3
B. Comparable Worth
179
16
C. Part-Time Work
195
3
V. Equal Employment Opportunities: EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
198
12
3.2 SEX CLASSIFICATIONS
210
67
I. Sex Equality Denied
215
1
II. Sex Equality Granted
216
31
A. Sex Distinctions Unconstitutional: Reed v. Reed
216
5
B. Intermediate Scrutiny: Craig v. Boren
221
8
C. Strict Scrutiny: Frontiero v. Richardson
229
7
D. The Difference Gender Makes: J.E.B. v. Alabama
236
11
III. Sex Inequality Denied
247
30
A. A "Unique" Difference? Geduldig v. Aiello
247
5
B. The Intent Requirement: Massachusetts v. Feeney
252
10
C. Not "Similarly Situated": Rostkor v. Goldberg
262
15
3.3 PERMITTED AND PROHIBITED DISTINCTIONS
277
50
I. Woman as "Other" or Woman as "Different": Simone de Beauvoir and Carol Gilligan
281
3
II. Benign or Invidious?
284
28
A. Invidious Treatment in Benign Garb? Muller v. Oregon
284
7
B. Sex Specificity and Gender Neutrality: Kahn v. Sheviri and Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
291
9
C. Accuracy and Dependency: Goldfarb and Webster
300
12
III. Past and Present Discrimination
312
15
A. Discrimination and Perception: State v. Wanrow
312
3
B. Sex-Based Affirmative Action: Johnson v. Santa Clara
315
12
3.4 EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS
327
58
I. Academics
332
31
A. Sex Segregation: Vorchheimer v. Philadelphia
332
4
B. Men Integrating All-Female Institutions: Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
336
17
C. Women Integrating All-Male Institutions: United States v. Virginia
353
10
II. Athletics
363
22
A. The Law of Sex Equality in Athletics
367
8
B. Athletics as a Gendered Social Institution
375
2
C. Delivering Equality: Cohenn v. Brown University
377
8
3.5 PREGNANCY
385
43
I. Pregnancy Discrimination as Not Sex Discrimination: General Electric Co. v. Gilbert
392
10
II. Pregnancy Discrimination as Sex Discrimination: California Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Guerra
402
10
III. Nonpregnancy as a Job Qualification: Chambers v. Omaha Girls Club and UAW v. Johnson Controls
412
16
Chapter 4 Sex, Race, and Nation
I. Race and Sex Merged: Loving v. Virginia
428
6
II. Race and Sex Distinguished
434
10
III. Dace and Sex Intersect: The Jefferies Case
444
8
IV. Sex and Nation in Conflict
452
33
A. Sovereignty Versus Equality: The Martinez Case
452
20
B. Cultural Relativism and Women's Rights: The Kassindja Case
472
13
Chapter 5 Burdens of Proof
I. The Disparate Treatment-Disparate Impact Distinction
485
4
II. Disparate Treatment Burdens of Proof
489
45
A. Order and Allocation of Proof: McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
491
2
B. Defendant's Rebuttal Burden
493
23
1. "Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason": Furnco Construction Corp. v. Waters
493
4
2. Lightening the Defendant's Rebuttal Burden: Keene State v. Sweeney
497
3
3. Lightening the Defendant's Rebuttal Burden Further? The Burdine Case
500
5
4. Burden-Shifting? Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
505
11
C. Pretext Burden: St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks
516
18
III. Disparate Impact Burdens of Proof
534
51
A. Disparate Impact Sex Discrimination Cases
535
2
B. Supreme Court Burdens of Proof in Disparate Impact Cases: The Wards Cove Case
537
48
PART II: APPLICATIONS
Chapter 6 Family
I. The Heterosexual Family: Corbett v. Corbett and Singer v. Hara
585
II. The Reproductive Family
576
104
A. The "Illegitimate" Family
577
47
1. Fathers Versus the State: Stanley v. Illinois
579
7
2. Mothers Versus Fathers: Caban v. Mohammed
586
15
3. Fathers Versus Fathers: Michael H. v. Gerald D
601
18
4. Fathers Versus the State: Miller v. Albright
619
5
B. The "Legitimate" Family
624
56
1. Working Mothers
630
22
2. Sexual Mothers
652
9
3. Abusive Fathers
661
19
III. The Economic Family
680
35
A. Spousal Support: Orr v. Orr and Moge v. Moge
684
21
B. Family Property Division: Kirchberg v. Feenstra and Marvin v. Marvin
705
10
IV. The Violent Family
715
57
A. Not Condoned: Bruno v. Codd
724
8
B. Woman-Battering as Sex Dîscrimination: Thurman v. City of Torrington
732
13
C. Killing Batterers in Self-Defense: State v. Norman and R. v. Lavallee
745
27
Chapter 7 Sexual Subordination
7.1 Rape
772
136
I. Sexual Assault as Sex Inequality
776
24
A. Rape as Sex-Based in Life
776
16
B. Raye as Sex-Based in Law: Dothard v. Rawlinson
792
8
II. The Criminal Law of Rape
800
56
A. Force
802
1
1. Modern Cases in Pennsylvania
803
1
2. Modern Cases in Other Jurisdictions
806
11
B. Consent
817
1
1. Nonconsent
819
1
2. Mistaken Belief in Consent
831
1
3. Cultural Defense to Sexual Violence
833
1
4. An Affirmative Definition of Sex: Antioch College Policy
835
3
C. Force and Nonconsent
838
18
III. Marital Rape and Statutory Rape
856
31
A. Relationship: People v. Libertá
857
14
B. Vulnerability: Michael M. v. Superior Court
871
16
IV. Rape as Sex Discrimination
887
21
A. The Violence Against Women Act
888
6
B. The Canadian Charter: Jane Doe v. Board of Commissioners
894
C. Rape Under International Law
887
21
7.2 SEXUAL HARASSMENT
908
165
I. Sexual Harassment at Work
914
86
A. The Experience
914
10
B. Based on Sex
924
18
C. Types of Sexual Harassment
942
1
1. Quid pro Quo Cases
943
1
2. Hostile Environment Cases
950
D. Unwelcomeness
877
112
E. Employer Liability
989
11
II. Sexual Harassment in Education
1000
105
A. The Experience
1001
4
B. Harassment
1005
1
1. The Harm
1005
1
2. Institutional Liability
1030
1
3. Applications
1039
2
C. Student-Student Harassment
1041
32
Chapter 8 Lesbian and Gay Rights
I. Language
1073
12
II. Privacy
1085
20
III. Issues in Lesbian Equality and Gay Rights
1105
96
A. Sexual Orientation Discrimination
1106
49
B. Sex Discrimination
1155
57
1. Same-Sexuality and Gender Inequality
1157
8
2. Same-Sex Discrimination, Gendered
1165
36
Chapter 9 Reproductive Control
I. Sterilization Abuse
1201
11
II. Abortion
1212
66
A. Privacy: Griswold, Roe, and Casey
1217
27
B. Sex Equality: McRae, Johnson, and Bray
1244
34
III. The Maternal-Fetal Relation
1278
22
IV. Surrogacy
1300
94
A. Surrogacy Tbeorized
1305
17
B. Surrogacy Disallowed: In re Baby M
1322
25
C. Surrogacy Allowed: Johnson v. Calvert
1347
18
D. Surrogacy Regulated
1365
29
Chapter 10 Trafficking Women
10.1 PROSTITUTION
1394
112
I. Conditions and Preconditions of Prostitution
1401
46
II. Prostitution as Sexual Slavery
1447
25
A. Sexual Slavery in the United States: Pierce v. United States
1447
13
B. Military Sexual "Comfort Women" Slavery: Japanese "Comfort Women" Case
1460
12
III. Sex Equality Challenges to Prostitution
1472
34
A. Unequal Enforcement of Prostitution Laws: Hartway and In re P
1473
14
B. Civil Remedies for Prostitution: Gabriela V., Balas v. Ruzzo, and Thoreson v. Penthouse
1487
19
10.2 PORNOGRAPHY
1506
I. Defining Pornography
1512
20
A. From Obscenity to Equality
1513
7
B. Pornography as Prostitution: Fixler, Freeman, and the Nude Dancing Cases
1520
12
II. The Harm of Pornography
1532
30
A. Production Harms
1537
6
B. Consumption Harms
1543
19
III. Pornography as Sex Inequality
1562
A. Pornography as Speech: Hudnut, Butler, and R.A.V
1562
64
B. Pornography as Sexual Harassment: Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards and Bowman v. Heller
1626
INDEX
Ind.-1