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Tables of Contents for Applying Statistics in the Courtroom
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PART I: SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS
Samples and Populations
3
14
Audits
4
4
Validity of Using Sample Methods
5
2
Basis for Objection
7
1
Is the Sample Size Adequate?
8
1
Determining the Appropriate Population
8
7
Jury Panels
9
1
Criminal Universe
10
1
Trademarks
10
2
Discrimination
12
3
Downsizing
15
1
Summary
15
2
Representative Samples and Jury Selection
17
12
Concepts
17
1
Issues
17
5
Burden of Proof
18
1
The Right to be Eligible to Serve
19
1
Cognizable, Separate, Identifiable Groups
20
1
Voir Dire Rights of Litigants and Jurors
21
1
Composition of the Jury Pool
22
3
True Cross-Section
22
1
Snapshot in Time
23
1
Composition of the Individual Panel
23
2
Standing
25
1
Random Selection
25
2
Errors in Sampling Methodology
26
1
Summary
27
1
To Learn More
27
2
Sample and Survey Methodology
29
12
Concepts
29
1
Sampling Methodology
29
5
Cluster Sampling
31
1
The Fight over the Census
32
2
Increasing Sample Reliability
34
2
Designing the Questionnaire
34
1
Data Integrity
35
1
How Much to Tell the Court
36
1
Missing Data and Nonresponders
37
1
Summary
38
3
Presenting Your Case
41
12
Concepts
41
1
The Center or Average
41
3
Extrapolating from the Mean
42
1
The Geometric Mean
42
2
The Mode
44
1
Measuring the Precision of a Sample Estimate
44
4
Standard Deviation
45
1
Bootstrap
46
1
Coefficient of Variation
47
1
Changes in Rates
48
1
Comparative versus Absolute Disparity
49
1
Summary
49
4
PART II: PROBABILITY
Probability Concepts
53
10
Equally Likely, Equally Frequent
53
1
Mutually Exclusive Events
54
1
Which Population?
54
1
Putting the Rules in Numeric Form
55
1
Conditional Probabilities
55
2
Negative Evidence
56
1
Independence
57
3
The Product Rule
58
1
DNA Matching
59
1
Sampling with and without Replacement
59
1
Bayes' Theorem
60
1
Summary
61
1
To Learn More
61
2
Criminal Law
63
22
Facts versus Probabilities
63
6
Exception to the Rule
67
1
Bayes' Theorem
67
2
Observations versus Guesstimates
69
8
Inconsistent Application
74
2
Middle Ground
76
1
Probable Cause
77
1
Sentencing
77
7
U.S. v. Shonubi
77
4
Statistical Arguments
81
2
Sampling Acceptable
83
1
Summary
84
1
To Learn More
84
1
Civil Law
85
8
The Civil Paradigm
85
1
Holdings
86
5
Exception for Joint Negligence
87
1
Exception for Expert Witnesses
87
1
Distinguishing Collins
88
1
Applying Bayes' Theorem
89
2
Speculative Gains and Losses
91
1
Summary
92
1
To Learn More
92
1
Environmental Hazards
93
22
Concepts
93
1
Is the Evidence Admissible?
94
3
Daubert
94
2
Role of the Trial Judge
96
1
Is the Evidence Sufficient?
97
9
SMR Defined
97
2
Sufficiency Defined
99
1
Strength and Consistency of Association
100
1
Dose-Response Relationship
101
1
Experimental Evidence
102
1
Plausibility
102
1
Coherence
102
2
Other Discussions of Sufficiency
104
2
Risk versus Probability
106
2
Competing Risks
108
1
Use of Models
108
2
Multiple Defendants
110
2
Summary
112
3
PART III: HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND ESTIMATION
How Large is Large?
115
16
Discrimination
116
3
Eight Is Not Enough
116
1
Timely Objection
117
1
Substantial Equivalence
117
2
Other Related Discrimination Opinions
119
1
The 80% Rule
119
4
Differential Pass and Promotion Rates
120
1
Sample versus Subsample Size
121
2
No Sample Too Small
123
6
Sensitivity Analysis
123
2
Statistical Significance
125
1
Collateral Evidence
126
1
Supreme Court Division
127
2
Summary
129
2
Methods of Analysis
131
26
Comparing Two Samples
131
3
A One-Sample Permutation Test
133
1
Permutation Tests and Their Assumptions
133
1
The Underlying Population
134
3
Distribution Theory
137
6
Binomial Distribution
138
1
Normal Distribution
138
2
Poisson Distribution: Events Rare in Time and Space
140
1
Exponential Distribution
141
1
Relationships among Distributions
141
1
Distribution-Free Statistics
142
1
Bad Choices
142
1
Contingency Tables
143
11
Which Test?
147
3
One Tail or Two?
150
2
The Chi-Square Statistic
152
2
Summary
154
1
To Learn More
155
2
Correlation
157
18
Correlation
157
5
Statistical Significance
158
1
Practical Significance
159
1
Absence of Correlation
159
1
Which Variables?
160
1
Consistency over the Range
161
1
Bias
162
1
Testing
162
6
Predictive Validity
162
3
Validating the Test
165
3
Linear Regression
168
5
Linear Regression Defined
168
4
Comparing Two Populations
172
1
Summary
173
2
Multiple Regression
175
38
Lost Earnings
176
1
Multiple Applications
177
7
Construction of the Database
179
1
Construction of the Equations
180
2
Application of the Equations
182
1
Determination of the Limitation
183
1
Collinearity and Partial Correlation
184
2
Defenses
186
6
Failure to Include Relevant Factors
187
4
Negligible Predictive Power
191
1
Validation
192
1
Rebuttal Decisions
192
8
Collateral Evidence
196
1
Omitted Variables
196
4
Alternate Forms of Regression Analysis
200
3
Cohort Analysis
201
1
Linear, Nonlinear, and Logistic Regression
201
1
Testing for Significance
202
1
When Statistics Don't Count
203
6
Age Discrimination
203
3
Gender Discrimination
206
1
Sentencing
206
3
Summary
209
4
PART IV: APPLYING STATISTICS IN THE COURTROOM
Preventive Statistics
213
30
Concepts
213
1
Appropriate Controls
213
15
Breast Implants
213
2
Basis for Comparison
215
1
Extent of Damages
216
1
Placebo Effect
217
11
Random Representative Samples
228
1
Power of a Test
229
5
Sample Size
230
2
Confidence Intervals
232
2
Coincidence and the Law of Small Numbers
234
3
Clustering
235
1
The Ballot Theorem and the Arc-Sine Law
236
1
Coincidence and Ad Hoc-Post Hoc Arguments
237
1
Reproducibility
237
1
Painting the Bull's Eye around the Bullet Holes
237
1
Data Mining or Searching for Significance
238
1
Bad Statistics
238
4
An Example from the National Game
239
1
Large Sample Approximations
240
1
Multiple Statistics, Multiple Conclusions
241
1
Counterattack
242
1
What Every Statistician Should Know about Courtroom Procedure
243
6
Selecting the Case
244
1
Prefiling
244
1
Discovery
245
1
Depositions
245
2
Post-Deposition, Pretrial Activities
247
1
In the Courtroom
247
1
Appeals
248
1
Summary
248
1
Making Effective Use of Statistics and Statisticians
249
8
Selecting a Statistician
249
1
Prefiling Preparation
250
1
Discovery
251
4
Questions
251
3
Depositions
254
1
Presentation of Evidence
255
1
Appeals
255
1
Summary
256
1
References
257
6
Table of Authorities
263
10
Index
273