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Tables of Contents for Exploring Corrections in America
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
v
Understanding Corrections: Where Are We?
1
24
Introduction
1
1
The Current State of American Corrections: Present Trends
2
11
Growth
2
1
The Punitive Ideal
2
5
The Search for Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Accountability
7
1
The Impact of the War on Drugs on Corrections
8
2
The Rehabilitative Ideal
10
2
Restorative and Community Justice
12
1
Correctional Goals
13
3
Retribution
14
1
Rehabilitation
14
1
Deterrence
14
1
Incapacitation
15
1
Themes of the Text
16
4
Evaluation Research
16
1
A Balanced Approach
17
2
A Humane and Peacemaking Perspective
19
1
Conclusion
20
1
Discussion Questions
20
1
Notes
21
1
References
22
3
The History of American Corrections: Where Did We Come From?
25
36
Introduction
25
1
Corrections in the Prehistoric Era
26
1
Corrections Practices in Ancient Societies
26
5
The Mesopotamians
26
1
The Israelites
27
2
The Ancient Greeks
29
1
The Romans
30
1
The Middle Ages
31
1
English Corrections During the Enlightenment
32
1
Corrections in the United States
33
21
The Birth of the Penitentiary
36
1
The 1820s: Eastern vs. Auburn
37
3
The Birth of American Probation
40
1
Prisons in the Industrial Era
41
1
The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole
41
3
Corrections in the Progressive Era
44
4
Rehabilitation: The ``Anything Works'' Era
48
1
Deinstitutionalization and ``Nothing Works''
49
4
Corrections in the ``Get Tough'' Era
53
1
Conclusion
54
2
Discussion Questions
56
1
Notes
56
2
References
58
1
Court Cases
59
2
Corrections and the Courts
61
48
The Courts--Corrections Relationship
61
1
The Courts--Corrections Relationship in Historical Perspective
62
2
The Courts--Corrections Relationship in Recent Times
64
2
Institutional Corrections and the Courts
66
25
Access to the Courts
67
1
The First Amendment
68
1
Freedom of Religion
69
2
Freedom of Speech
71
2
Freedom of Press
73
1
Freedom of Assembly
73
1
The Fourth Amendment
74
1
The Eighth Amendment
75
1
Overall Conditions of Confinement
76
1
Solitary Confinement
77
1
Double-Celling and Crowding
78
1
Excessive Use of Force
79
1
Medical Care
80
3
The Fourteenth Amendment
83
1
Due Process
83
3
Classification and Transfers
86
1
Equal Protection
87
1
Recent Fourteenth Amendment Issues
88
3
Other Legal Issues Affecting Prisons and Prisoners
91
1
Community Corrections and the Courts
91
5
Revocation of Probation and Parole
92
2
Self-Incrimination and Privacy
94
2
Limitations of Correctional Litigation
96
1
Conclusion
97
2
Discussion Questions
99
1
Notes
100
3
References
103
2
Court Cases
105
4
Jails
109
46
Introduction
109
3
The History of Jails
112
3
Jails in England
111
1
Jails in America
112
3
Jails Today
115
2
Jail Inmate Characteristics
117
3
The Role of the Jail in the American Criminal Justice System
120
5
Pretrial Detainees
121
1
Misdemeanants
122
1
Felons
123
1
Juveniles
123
2
Others
125
1
Jail Design
125
6
Traditional Jails
126
1
Second-Generation Jails
127
1
New-Generation Jails
128
3
Jail Administration and Supervision
131
12
Jail Standards
131
1
Legal Issues
131
3
Jail Personnel
134
2
Crowding
136
1
Inmates With Special Needs
137
1
Alcoholics
138
1
Drug Addicts
138
1
Sex Offenders
139
1
Mentally Ill Inmates
140
1
Suicides
141
1
Jail Time
142
1
The Twenty-First Century
143
1
Conclusion
144
1
Discussion Questions
145
1
Notes
145
5
References
150
5
Community Corrections
155
54
Introduction
155
1
Why Community Corrections?
155
1
Rationale for Community Corrections Programs
156
1
Concerns about Community Corrections
157
1
Mistakes in Classification
157
1
Net-Widening
157
1
Diversion
158
1
Probation
159
14
Probation Defined
159
1
The History and Origins of Probation
160
1
John Augustus: The Father of Probation in the United States
161
1
The Philosophy of Probation
162
2
The Administration of Probation
164
1
Centralized vs. Decentralized Probation Services
164
1
Executive vs. Judicial Administration of Probation
165
1
Probation and Parole: Should They Be Combined Services?
165
1
The Dual Role of Investigation and Supervision in Probation
166
1
The Probation Officer's Role
166
1
The Investigation Function
166
1
The Supervision Function
167
1
Caseload Size and Officer Effectiveness
167
1
Case Management Styles
168
1
Is Probation Effective?
169
1
Revocation and Termination of Probation
170
3
Parole
173
17
Parole Defined
173
1
The History and Origins of Parole
173
1
Transportation
173
1
The Mark System
174
1
The Irish System: The Ticket-of-Leave
175
2
The Development of Parole in the United States
177
1
The Decision to Release: The Parole Process
178
1
The Organization of the Parole Board
178
1
Types of Release Decisions
179
2
The Terms and Conditions of Parole
181
1
Revocation and Termination of Parole
181
1
The Supervision and Control of Inmates in the Community
182
1
The Parole Officer's Role
182
2
The Investigation Function
184
1
The Supervision Function
184
1
Parole Programs
185
2
Abolishing Parole
187
3
Probation and Parole Populations: A New Demographic Record
190
3
Intermediate Punishments
193
7
Intensive Supervision Probation and Parole
194
1
Electronic Monitoring
194
5
Boot Camp Prisons
199
1
Conclusion
200
1
Discussion Questions
201
1
Notes
201
3
References
204
3
Court Cases
207
2
Dimensions of Community Justice
209
34
Introduction
209
2
What is Community Justice?
211
2
Principles and Core Values
213
3
The Traditional Retributive Approach
213
1
The Community Justice Model
214
2
Community Justice Practices
216
5
Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM)
216
1
Family Group Conferencing (FGC) or Community Conferencing
217
1
Community Reparative Boards (CRBs)
217
1
Circle Sentencing (CS) or Peacemaking Circles
218
3
Stakeholder Involvement: The Roles of Victim, Community, and Offender
221
3
The Traditional Model
221
1
The Community Model
222
2
The Process of Decisionmaking
224
2
The Role of Government and Community
226
3
The Traditional Model
226
2
The Community Model
228
1
Challenges to the Community Justice Approach
229
5
Defining and Engaging Communities
230
1
Governmental vs. Community-Based Net-Widening
231
1
Individual Rights
231
1
Structural Inequities in Society
232
1
Community Justice as a Panacea
232
2
Conclusion
234
1
Discussion Questions
235
1
Notes
235
2
References
237
6
Prisons: An American Institution
243
36
Introduction
243
1
The History of Prisons
243
8
The Separate and Congregate Systems
245
1
The Reformatory Era
246
2
Northern Industry and Southern Agriculture
248
1
The ``Big House'' Era and Beyond
249
1
The Rise of Rehabilitation
249
1
The Demise of Rehabilitation
250
1
Overcrowded Prisons: A War on People
251
2
Prisons and Prisoners
253
9
Living in Prison
254
2
Programs and Programming
256
3
The Keepers
259
1
The Officer Subculture
260
1
Prison Management: From Autocracy to Bureaucracy
261
1
Issues and Challenges
262
7
Corruption
262
2
Cross-Sex Supervision
264
1
Privatization
265
2
Maxi-Maxi Prisons
267
1
Riots and Disturbances
268
1
Conclusion
269
1
Discussion Questions
270
1
Notes
270
3
References
273
4
Court Cases
277
2
Offenders and Inmates
279
28
Introduction
279
1
The Prison Population
279
1
Are We Imprisoning The Wrong Offenders?
280
1
Prison Adjustment
280
1
Deprivations of Prison Life
281
7
Long-Term Inmates
288
1
Prison Victimization
289
2
Sexual Victimization
289
1
Victimization by Guards
290
1
Summary on Prison Life and Victimization
291
1
Death Row
292
1
Offender Needs
293
3
Alcohol-Drug History
293
1
Mental Health Needs
294
1
Prison Response to Prisoner Needs
295
1
Race in Prison
296
1
Women in Prison
296
1
Spiritual Adjustment in Prison
297
1
Probationer Characteristics
298
2
Conclusion
300
1
Discussion Questions
301
1
Notes
301
2
References
303
4
Women Offenders and Correctional Workers
307
46
Introduction
307
8
Increasing Numbers: Increasing Problems
308
4
History: Separate and Unequal
312
3
Women in Prison
315
15
Prisoner Subcultures
316
2
Prisoners as Mothers
318
3
Prison Programs for Women
321
7
Special Issues
328
1
Cross-Sex Supervision
328
1
Health Care
329
1
Other Issues
329
1
Women and Community Corrections
330
6
Jail
331
1
Probation
332
2
Parole
334
1
Other Programs
335
1
Women Correctional Workers
336
3
Conclusion
339
1
Discussion Questions
340
1
Notes
340
6
References
346
5
Court Cases
351
2
Juvenile Corrections
353
46
Introduction
353
1
Institutional Corrections for Juveniles
353
8
State Training Schools
354
1
Training School Programs for Residents
354
4
Other Placements
358
1
Boot Camps
358
3
Program Effectiveness
361
2
Reviews of Multiple Studies
361
1
Conclusions about Program Effectiveness
362
1
Institutional Life
363
6
Victimization
363
3
Racial Tension
366
1
The Inmate Code
367
1
Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact
368
1
New Directions in Institutional Interventions
369
3
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders
369
1
Deinstitutionalization: Closing Training Schools
369
2
Blended Sentencing
371
1
Wilderness Programs
371
1
Summary on Institutional Placements
372
1
Community Interventions
373
9
Probation
373
1
Social History (Predisposition) Investigations
374
1
Probation Supervision
375
1
Aftercare
376
1
Supervision and Counseling
376
1
Current Trends in Community Supervision
377
1
The Balanced Approach
377
1
The Punitive Model: Attack Supervision
377
2
Renewed Emphasis on Status Offenders
379
1
Restorative Justice
380
1
Peacemaking
381
1
What Does the Future Hold?
381
1
Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions
382
1
Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with Offenders
383
1
Additional Factors Related to Effectiveness
384
2
Continuing Concerns in Community Corrections
386
3
Goal Confusion
386
1
Restitution
387
1
Community Service
388
1
Conclusion
389
1
Discussion Questions
389
1
Notes
390
3
References
393
6
Special Populations in Prisons
399
64
Introduction
399
1
Mentally Ill Offenders
400
7
Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled Offenders
407
5
Programs
409
3
Substance-Abusing Offenders
412
6
Medically Ill Offenders
418
14
Elderly Offenders
423
5
Terminally Ill Offenders
428
4
Sex Offenders
432
3
Conclusion
435
1
Discussion Questions
436
1
Notes
436
9
References
445
16
Court Cases
461
2
Correctional Officers
463
36
Introduction
463
1
Transformation
464
4
Unionization
466
1
Professionalization
467
1
Bureaucratization
467
1
Demographics
468
5
Female and Minority Officers
469
4
Working in Prison
473
11
Violence
473
4
Interactions with Inmates
477
4
Interactions with Management and Administration
481
1
Unions
482
2
Unit Management
484
1
Ethics and the Good Officer
484
4
Conclusion
488
1
Discussion Questions
489
1
Notes
489
4
References
493
4
Court Cases
497
2
Correctional Counselors and Other Treatment Professionals
499
38
Introduction
499
2
The Historical Context of Treatment
501
1
Correctional Treatment and Health Care
502
2
Types of Correctional Counseling and Related Treatment
504
12
Education and Vocational Programs
504
2
Religion
506
2
Recreation
508
3
Mental Health
511
2
Developmentally Disabled Offenders
513
1
The Antisocial Offender
513
1
Substance Abuse
514
2
Offenders with Special Treatment Needs
516
7
Sex Offenders
517
2
Offenders with HIV/AIDS
519
1
Elderly Offenders
520
1
Terminally Ill Offenders
521
2
Other Special Concerns
523
5
Prison Overcrowding
523
1
Large Caseloads
524
1
Lack of Institutional Support
524
1
Racial and Ethnic Groups
525
1
Confidentiality
525
2
Stress and Burnout
527
1
How Effective are Correctional Counseling and Treatment Programs?
528
2
Conclusion
530
1
Discussion Questions
531
1
Notes
531
2
References
533
2
Court Cases
535
2
Issues in Correctional Administration and Management
537
46
Introduction
537
5
Organizational Theory
538
2
Defining Administration and Management
540
2
Administration in Context
542
6
Correctional Philosophies
542
1
Correctional Administration and Government
543
1
Correctional Administration and Politics
544
1
Correctional Administration and the Law
545
3
The Institutional Environment
548
9
Drugs
548
2
Sexual Coercion
550
4
Violence
554
1
Gangs
555
2
Provision of Services and Programs
557
7
Physical Health
558
1
Mental Health
559
1
Inmate Programs
560
1
Substance Abuse Treatment
561
1
Educational and Vocational Programs
562
2
Managing Correctional Personnel
564
4
Health Concerns
565
1
Stress
566
1
Employee Organizations
567
1
The Future of Correctional Management and Administration
568
3
Privatization
569
1
Changing Focus
570
1
Conclusion
571
1
Discussion Questions
572
1
Notes
573
4
References
577
4
Court Cases
581
2
The Death Penalty in America
583
42
Introduction
583
1
The Death Penalty Worldwide
584
1
The History of the Death Penalty in the United States
585
3
Current Use of the Death Penalty in the United States
588
4
How the Modern Death Penalty Functions
592
8
The Condemnation and Execution of Innocent People
592
3
Race and Capital Punishment
595
1
Capricious Imposition of the Death Penalty
596
1
Quality of Counsel
597
3
The Cost of Capital Punishment
600
2
The Effects of Executions
602
8
Deterrence
603
4
Incapacitation
607
2
Families of Victims and Defendants
609
1
Moral Arguments
610
2
Conclusion
612
2
Discussion Questions
614
1
Notes
615
3
References
618
5
Court Cases
623
2
The Evolution of Corrections: What Does the Future Hold?
625
18
Introduction
625
1
Current Trends Continuing into the Future
625
3
Speculative Possibilities in Corrections
628
2
The Punitive Ideal (The ``Get Tough'' Movement)
630
1
Privatization
630
1
The Remedicalization of Corrections
631
1
Technological Advances
632
1
Restorative Justice
632
1
Restorative Rehabilitation
633
1
Reintroducing the Spiritual Dimension into Corrections
634
2
Conclusion
636
3
Discussion Questions
639
1
Notes
639
1
References
640
3
Name Index
643
12
Subject Index
655