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Tables of Contents for Treatment Options for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Other Contaminants in Recycled Backwash Water
Background and Approach
1
8
Point of Entry3
1
Direct Filtration Plants3
1
System Assessment3
1
Phase I4
2
Phase II6
3
National Recycle Practices
9
10
Information Collection Rule (ICR) Database
9
1
Overview of the ICR Database Survey9
1
Percentage9
1
Source Water9
1
Types of Recycle Streams10
1
American Water Works Association (AWWA) Member Utilities
10
9
Overview of the AWWA Membership Survey10
1
Characteristics10
1
Analysis of Survey Results11
1
Alternatives to Recycle12
7
Occurrence of Contaminants in Spent Filter Backwash Waters
19
14
Occurrence of Protozoans
20
8
IFA Data20
5
IMS-IFA Data25
1
CC-PCR25
1
Comparison of Data from Different Methods25
3
Occurrence of Other Water Quality Parameters
28
5
Laboratory Disinfection Studies
33
16
Oxidation Demand Tests
33
1
Experiments with Potassium Permanganate
33
1
Experiments with Chlorine Dioxide
34
3
Experiments with Ozone
37
1
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium in SFBW
37
12
Oocysts and Microscopy38
1
Oocyst Treatments38
1
In Vitro Cell Culture of C. Parvum39
1
Sample Preparation for QSD and CC-QSD39
1
QSD and CC-QSD39
1
Experimental Results40
9
Laboratory Removal Studies
49
42
Sedimentation Without Chemical Addition49
1
Sedimentation With Polymer Addition50
1
Coagulation Followed by Sedimentation51
1
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)51
1
Filtration With and Without Pretreatment52
1
Untreated SFBW Characteristics52
1
Sedimentation without Chemical Addition53
3
Sedimentation with Polymer Addition56
7
Coagulation Followed by Sedimentation63
3
Dissovled Air Flotation (DAF)66
4
Filtration (With and Without Pretreatment)70
1
Membrane Filtration71
6
Summary of Laboratory Removal Work
77
14
Scale-Up of Sedimentation and Dissolved Air Flotation
91
54
City of Durham, NC: Pilot-Scale Investigation of SFBW Treatment Using DAF Versus Sedimentation
91
13
Introduction91
1
Dissolved Air Flotation92
7
Sedimentation Using a Plate Settler99
3
Comparison of Pilot DAF Versus Sedimentation for Treatment of SFBW102
2
Central Utah Water Conservancy District (CUWCD): Full-Scale Evaluation of the Impact of Loading Rate and Polymer Addition on SFBW Recycle Plant Performance
104
41
Overview104
1
Test Plan104
2
Results106
39
AWWSC: Pilot-Scale Comparison of Conventional Treatment and Filtration Using A Synthetic Fiber Filter
145
54
Conventional Treatment Pilot Testing
145
2
Sedimentation with No Polymer150
1
Sedimentation With Polymer150
2
Sedimentation With Coagulant (With and Without Polymer)152
1
Preoxidation Impacts153
1
Microbial Spiking154
1
Microbial Spiking Without Polymer154
1
Microbial Spiking With Polymer155
1
Summary of Conventional Treatment Testing156
1
Fibrotex Pilot Testing
157
42
System Description157
2
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Filter Trials159
2
Microbial Spiking of PBT Filter161
1
Nylon Filter Trials161
1
Microbial Spiking of Nylon Filter162
1
Summary of Fibrotex Testing163
36
Oocyst Spiking Trials
199
46
Recycle issues at Erie Country Water Authority: Pilot-Scale Recycle/Cryptosporidium Spiking Study
199
1
Overview200
1
Pilot Plant Description200
1
General Pilot Plant Operating Conditions201
1
Cryptosporidium Sampling Protocols202
1
Other Monitoring203
1
Summary of Cryptosporidium Spiking Results203
5
Other Water Quality Results208
2
Summary of Findings From Recycle Investigations210
2
AWWA Mass Balance Analysis
212
1
SFBW Recycle Flow Rate213
1
Mass Balance Calculations214
1
Impact of SFBW Recycle on Sedimentation Basin Performance215
3
Impact of SFBW Recycle on Overall Process Performance218
3
Summary of Findings from Mass Balance Investigation
221
24
Ultraviolet Treatment of Filter Backwash Water at the Regional Municipality of Waterloo Mannheim Water Treatment Plant in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
245
12
Mechanism of UV Disinfection and Definition of Terms (UV Irradiance, UV Fluence Rate, and UV Dose)
245
1
Objectives and Approach
246
1
Untreated Sample Characteristics
247
1
Experimental Protocol: Biodosimetery Runs
248
1
UV Dose: Response Curve Using the Mannheim RMP Water
249
1
Experimental Protocol: Cryptosporidium Dose-Response
249
1
Preparation of Oocysts249
1
Test Water250
1
Oocyst Irradiation250
1
Animal Infectivity Tests250
1
Results and Discussion
250
4
Mannheim RMP Flow-Through Biodosimetery Runs250
2
UV Dose Response Testing of Cryptosporidium Parvum Carried out at Clancy Environmental252
1
Cryptosporidium Dose-Response253
1
Membrane Evaluations
257
10
City of Newport News, VA: Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Microfiltration to Treat SFBW
257
10
Introduction257
1
Set-Up257
2
Results259
8
Potassium Permanganate Studies
267
12
Corpus Christi, Texas: Full-Scale Potassium Permanganate Study
267
12
Introduction267
1
Set-Up and Operations267
8
Relationship to Laboratory Inactivation Studies275
1
Summary and Conclusions276
3
Costs Relative to Level of Recycle Treatment
282
5
Laboratory Removal Studies
288
1
Scale-Up of Sedimentation and DAF
288
1
Oocyst Spiking Trials
289
1
Filtration Using a Synthetic Fiber Filter Versus Conventional Treatment
289
1
Appendix A: Laboratory Removal Studies (Particle, Turbidity, and Color Removal)
291
74
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