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Tables of Contents for Treatment Options for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Other Contaminants in Recycled Backwash Water
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Tables
xi
Figures
xv
Foreword
xxiii
Acknowledgments
xxv
Executive Summary
xxvii
Background and Approach
1
8
Overview
1
1
Regulations
2
1
Point of Entry
3
1
Direct Filtration Plants
3
1
System Assessment
3
1
Project Goal
3
1
Project Approach
4
5
Phase I
4
2
Phase II
6
3
National Recycle Practices
9
10
Information Collection Rule (ICR) Database
9
1
Overview of the ICR Database Survey
9
1
Percentage
9
1
Source Water
9
1
Types of Recycle Streams
10
1
American Water Works Association (AWWA) Member Utilities
10
9
Overview of the AWWA Membership Survey
10
1
Characteristics
10
1
Analysis of Survey Results
11
1
Alternatives to Recycle
12
7
Occurrence of Contaminants in Spent Filter Backwash Waters
19
14
Sampling Sites
20
1
Occurrence of Protozoans
20
8
IFA Data
20
5
IMS-IFA Data
25
1
CC-PCR
25
1
Comparison of Data from Different Methods
25
3
Occurrence of Other Water Quality Parameters
28
5
Laboratory Disinfection Studies
33
16
Oxidation Demand Tests
33
1
Experiments with Potassium Permanganate
33
1
Experiments with Chlorine Dioxide
34
3
Experiments with Ozone
37
1
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium in SFBW
37
12
Oocysts and Microscopy
38
1
Oocyst Treatments
38
1
In Vitro Cell Culture of C. Parvum
39
1
Sample Preparation for QSD and CC-QSD
39
1
QSD and CC-QSD
39
1
Experimental Results
40
9
Laboratory Removal Studies
49
42
Introduction
49
1
Testing Protocols
49
3
Sedimentation Without Chemical Addition
49
1
Sedimentation With Polymer Addition
50
1
Coagulation Followed by Sedimentation
51
1
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
51
1
Filtration With and Without Pretreatment
52
1
Results
52
25
Untreated SFBW Characteristics
52
1
Sedimentation without Chemical Addition
53
3
Sedimentation with Polymer Addition
56
7
Coagulation Followed by Sedimentation
63
3
Dissovled Air Flotation (DAF)
66
4
Filtration (With and Without Pretreatment)
70
1
Membrane Filtration
71
6
Summary of Laboratory Removal Work
77
14
Scale-Up of Sedimentation and Dissolved Air Flotation
91
54
City of Durham, NC: Pilot-Scale Investigation of SFBW Treatment Using DAF Versus Sedimentation
91
13
Introduction
91
1
Dissolved Air Flotation
92
7
Sedimentation Using a Plate Settler
99
3
Comparison of Pilot DAF Versus Sedimentation for Treatment of SFBW
102
2
Central Utah Water Conservancy District (CUWCD): Full-Scale Evaluation of the Impact of Loading Rate and Polymer Addition on SFBW Recycle Plant Performance
104
41
Overview
104
1
Test Plan
104
2
Results
106
39
AWWSC: Pilot-Scale Comparison of Conventional Treatment and Filtration Using A Synthetic Fiber Filter
145
54
Conventional Treatment Pilot Testing
145
2
System Description
147
10
Sedimentation with No Polymer
150
1
Sedimentation With Polymer
150
2
Sedimentation With Coagulant (With and Without Polymer)
152
1
Preoxidation Impacts
153
1
Microbial Spiking
154
1
Microbial Spiking Without Polymer
154
1
Microbial Spiking With Polymer
155
1
Summary of Conventional Treatment Testing
156
1
Fibrotex Pilot Testing
157
42
System Description
157
2
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Filter Trials
159
2
Microbial Spiking of PBT Filter
161
1
Nylon Filter Trials
161
1
Microbial Spiking of Nylon Filter
162
1
Summary of Fibrotex Testing
163
36
Oocyst Spiking Trials
199
46
Recycle issues at Erie Country Water Authority: Pilot-Scale Recycle/Cryptosporidium Spiking Study
199
1
General Test Set-Up
200
3
Overview
200
1
Pilot Plant Description
200
1
General Pilot Plant Operating Conditions
201
1
Cryptosporidium Sampling Protocols
202
1
Other Monitoring
203
1
Results
203
9
Summary of Cryptosporidium Spiking Results
203
5
Other Water Quality Results
208
2
Summary of Findings From Recycle Investigations
210
2
AWWA Mass Balance Analysis
212
1
SFBW Recycle Flow Rate
213
1
Results
213
8
Mass Balance Calculations
214
1
Impact of SFBW Recycle on Sedimentation Basin Performance
215
3
Impact of SFBW Recycle on Overall Process Performance
218
3
Summary of Findings from Mass Balance Investigation
221
24
Ultraviolet Treatment of Filter Backwash Water at the Regional Municipality of Waterloo Mannheim Water Treatment Plant in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
245
12
Introduction
245
1
Mechanism of UV Disinfection and Definition of Terms (UV Irradiance, UV Fluence Rate, and UV Dose)
245
1
Objectives and Approach
246
1
Untreated Sample Characteristics
247
1
Experimental Protocol: Biodosimetery Runs
248
1
UV Dose: Response Curve Using the Mannheim RMP Water
249
1
Experimental Protocol: Cryptosporidium Dose-Response
249
1
Preparation of Oocysts
249
1
Test Water
250
1
Oocyst Irradiation
250
1
Animal Infectivity Tests
250
1
Results and Discussion
250
4
Mannheim RMP Flow-Through Biodosimetery Runs
250
2
UV Dose Response Testing of Cryptosporidium Parvum Carried out at Clancy Environmental
252
1
Cryptosporidium Dose-Response
253
1
Conclusions
254
3
Membrane Evaluations
257
10
City of Newport News, VA: Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Microfiltration to Treat SFBW
257
10
Introduction
257
1
Set-Up
257
2
Results
259
8
Potassium Permanganate Studies
267
12
Corpus Christi, Texas: Full-Scale Potassium Permanganate Study
267
12
Introduction
267
1
Set-Up and Operations
267
8
Relationship to Laboratory Inactivation Studies
275
1
Summary and Conclusions
276
3
Costs
279
8
Background
279
1
Assumptions
280
2
Costs Relative to Level of Recycle Treatment
282
5
Conclusions
287
4
Occurrence Survey
287
1
Disinfection Studies
287
1
Laboratory Removal Studies
288
1
Scale-Up of Sedimentation and DAF
288
1
Oocyst Spiking Trials
289
1
Filtration Using a Synthetic Fiber Filter Versus Conventional Treatment
289
1
Costing
290
1
Appendix A: Laboratory Removal Studies (Particle, Turbidity, and Color Removal)
291
74
References
365
6
Abbreviations
371
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