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Tables of Contents for Psychological Evaluations for the Courts
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Part I. General Considerations
3
116
Chapter 1. Law and the Mental Health Professions: An Uneasy Alliance
3
23
1.01. The Context for Law and Behavioral Science
3
1
1.02. Some Preliminary Problems in Law and Mental Health
4
4
(a) Bridging Gaps in Training
5
1
(b) Bridging Attitudinal Differences
6
1
(c) The State of the Art
7
1
1.03. Paradigm Conflicts
8
8
(a) Free Will versus Determinism
8
2
(b) The Process of Factfinding
10
1
(c) The Nature of a Fact
11
5
(1) From Probability to Certainty
11
1
(2) From Group to Individual
12
4
1.04. Should Mental Health Professionals Be Considered Experts?
16
7
(a) The Definition of Specialized Knowledge
16
3
(b) Limitations on the Use of Specialized Knowledge
19
1
(c) Expertise under Frye and Daubert
20
3
1.05. Which Professionals Should Be Considered Experts?
23
1
1.06. Conclusion
24
1
Bibliography
24
2
Chapter 2. An Overview of the Legal System: Sources of Law, the Court System, and the Adjudicative Process
26
15
2.01. Introduction
26
1
2.02. Sources of Law
26
4
(a) Federal-State Relations
27
1
(b) Constitutions
28
1
(c) Statutes and Regulations
28
1
(d) The Judiciary
29
1
2.03. The Court System
30
1
(a) The Federal Court System
30
1
(b) State Judicial Systems
31
1
2.04. The Adjudicative Process
31
8
(a) The Criminal Process
32
4
(1) The Stages of a Criminal Prosecution
32
2
(2) Clinical Input: Issues, Points of Entry and Contacts
34
2
(b) Civil Proceedings
36
1
(c) Administrative Hearings
37
1
(d) Quasi-Criminal Proceedings: Civil Commitment and Juvenile Delinquency
38
1
2.05. Conclusion: The Interplay of Systems
39
1
Bibliography
40
1
Chapter 3. The Nature and Method of Forensic Assessment
41
23
3.01. Introduction
41
1
3.02. Distinctions between Therapeutic and Forensic Assessment
41
4
(a) Scope
43
1
(b) Importance of the Client's Perspective
43
1
(c) Voluntariness and Autonomy
43
1
(d) Threats to Validity
44
1
(e) Relationship Dynamics
44
1
(f) Pace and Setting
45
1
3.03. Conventional Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Procedures
45
4
(a) Categories of Tests
45
2
(b) Forensic Applications
47
2
(1) Relevance to Specific Legal Inquiry
47
1
(2) Hypothetical Nature of Test Results
48
1
(3) Limitations in Reconstructive Contexts
48
1
(4) Face Validity Considerations
49
1
3.04. Specialized Forensic Assessment Instruments
49
1
3.05. Archival and Third-Party Information
50
2
(a) Reasons for Seeking Third-Party Data
50
1
(b) The Process of Obtaining the Data
51
1
3.06. Amnesia: Hypnosis and Narcoanalysis
52
1
3.07. Malingering
53
5
(a) Interviewing Approaches to Assessing Malingering
54
2
(b) Psychological Testing
56
1
(1) Feigning Psychopathology
56
1
(2) Feigning Cognitive Impairment
57
1
(3) Summary
57
1
(c) Use of Third-Party Information
57
1
3.08. Challenges to the Basis of Expert Testimony
58
4
(a) Hearsay
60
1
(b) Polygraph Results
61
1
(c) Narcoanalysis and Hypnosis
61
1
(d) Other Clinical Techniques
62
1
3.09. Conclusion
62
1
Bibliography
63
1
Chapter 4. Constitutional, Common-Law, and Ethical Contours of the Evaluation Process: The Mental Health Professional as Double Agent
64
31
4.01. Introduction
64
1
4.02. The Fifth Amendment and the Right to Remain Silent
65
7
(a) Competency Evaluations
66
1
(b) Evaluations of Mental State at the Time of the Offense
67
3
(c) Sentencing Evaluations
70
1
(d) Juvenile Delinquency and Commitment Proceedings
70
1
(e) Other Civil Proceedings
71
1
(f) The "Miranda Warnings"
71
1
4.03. The Right to Counsel
72
3
(a) Counsel's Presence during the Evaluation
72
2
(b) Presenting an Effective Defense
74
1
(1) The Right to an Independent Evaluation
74
1
(2) Use of Experts Retained by the Opposing Party
75
1
4.04. Common-Law and Statutory Duties of the Evaluator
75
4
(a) Liability for Breach of Confidentiality
75
1
(b) The Duty to Protect the Public (Tarasoff)
76
1
(c) The Clinician-Patient Privileges
77
1
(d) Other Tort Doctrines Relevant to Evaluations
78
1
(1) The Informed Consent Doctrine
78
1
(2) Negligent Misdiagnosis
79
1
4.05. Ethical Considerations in the Evaluation Process
79
13
(a) Competence and Qualifications in Forensic Practice
81
1
(b) Clarifying Referrals with Legal Agents
82
2
(1) Legal Issues
82
1
(2) Professional Fees
83
1
(3) Prior Relationships
84
1
(c) Confused Roles and Dual Roles
84
3
(1) Forensic Contacts Alone
85
1
(2) Dual Forensic / Therapeutic Relationships
85
2
(d) Confidentiality and Informed Consent
87
3
(1) Basic Elements of Notification
88
1
(2) Additional Considerations Regarding Confidentiality in Criminal Cases
88
2
(3) The "Duty to Protect"
90
1
(e) Autonomy and Privacy Concerns
90
2
(1) Freedom of Choice to Participate
90
1
(2) Invasion of Privacy
91
1
4.06. Summary: Competence in Forensic Practice
92
2
Bibliography
94
1
Chapter 5. Managing Public and Private Forensic Services
95
104
5.01. Introduction
95
1
5.02. The Case for Specialization
95
2
(a) Avoiding Adverse Effects on General Mental Health Practice
96
1
(b) Building a Forensic Service System
96
1
(c) The Need for Specialized Knowledge
97
1
5.03. Types of Evaluation Systems
97
5
(a) Descriptions of Models
98
1
(1) Model I: Institution-Based, Inpatient Model
98
1
(2) Model II: Institution-Based, Outpatient Model
98
1
(3) Model III: Community-Based, Outpatient Model
99
1
(4) Model IV: Community-Based, Private Practitioner Model
99
1
(5) Model V: Mixed
99
1
(b) Evaluation of Models
99
3
(1) Cost
99
1
(2) Geography
100
1
(3) Quality Assurance
101
1
(4) Other Factors
101
1
5.04. Establishing a Forensic Evaluation System
102
8
(a) Organization
102
1
(b) Personnel
103
4
(1) Training
103
3
(2) Incentives to Specialize
106
1
(c) Management
107
2
(d) Financing
109
1
5.05. Operating a Forensic Practice
110
4
(a) Billing
110
1
(b) Establishing a Relationship with the Client
111
1
(c) Recordkeeping and Disclosure of Records
112
1
(d) Building and Marketing a Practice
113
1
5.06. Effective Diffusion of Behavioral Science Research
114
1
Bibliography
115
4
Part II. The Criminal Process
119
178
Chapter 6. Competency to Stand Trial
119
37
6.01. Introduction
119
1
6.02. The Legal Standard
120
5
(a) Historic Antecedents
120
1
(b) The Competency Test
121
3
(c) The Amnesic Defendant
124
1
(d) Drug-Induced Competency
125
1
6.03. Procedural Issues
125
5
(a) Who May Raise the Issue?
126
1
(b) The Standard for Raising the Issue
127
1
(c) Reasons Evaluation Is Sought
127
1
(d) Competency Examination: Situs and Length
128
1
(e) Adjudication of Competency
129
1
6.04. Disposition of the Incompetent Defendant
130
5
(a) The Rule of Jackson v. Indiana
130
1
(b) Inappropriate Hospitalization
131
1
(c) Trying the Incompetent Defendant
132
1
(d) Incompetent Defendants' Right to Refuse Medication
133
2
6.05. Research Relating to Competency Evaluations
135
4
(a) Frequency of Competency Evaluations and Findings
135
1
(b) Characteristics of Incompetent Defendants
136
2
(c) Quality of Competency Evaluations
138
1
6.06. Structured Evaluation Formats
139
11
(a) Competency Screening Test
139
2
(b) Competency Assessment Instrument
141
1
(c) Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview
141
1
(d) Georgia Court Competency Test
142
1
(e) Computer-Assisted Competence Assessment Tool
143
1
(f) Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation
144
1
(g) MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication
145
3
(1) Structure of the MacArthur Research Protocol
145
1
(2) Description of Component Measures
146
1
(3) Findings from the MacArthur Field Study
147
1
(4) Development of the Mac-CAT-CA
148
1
(h) Summary
148
2
6.07. Guidelines for Evaluation
150
5
(a) Social Context
150
1
(b) Competency Evaluation Content
150
4
(1) Interview Format
151
2
(2) Psychological Testing
153
1
(3) Amnesia and Statements about the Offense
153
1
(c) Treatment and Restorability
154
1
6.08. Conclusion: The Need for Policy Consultation
155
1
Bibliography
155
1
Chapter 7. Other Competencies in the Criminal Process
156
20
7.01. Introduction
156
1
7.02. Competency to Consent to a Search or Seizure
157
1
7.03. Competency to Confess
158
1
(a) The Law of Confessions
158
3
(b) Evaluation Issues
161
2
7.04. Competency to Plead Guilty
163
1
7.05. Competency to Waive the Right to Counsel
164
2
7.06. Competency to Refuse an Insanity Defense
166
1
7.07. Competency to Testify
167
14
(a) Legal Requirements for Testimonial Competency
168
1
(b) Psychological Research
169
5
(1) Observation
169
1
(2) Memory and Suggestibility
169
3
(3) Ability to Communicate
172
1
(4) Moral Development: Distinguishing Truth and Falsity
173
1
(5) Conclusions
174
1
(c) Guidelines for Evaluation
174
2
(d) Assessment of Witness Credibility
176
4
(1) The Law on Expert Testimony about Witness Credibility
176
3
(2) Legal Strictures on Evaluations of Credibility
179
2
7.08. Competency to Be Sentenced and Executed
181
4
(a) Competency at the Sentencing Proceeding
181
1
(b) Competency to Be Imprisoned or Executed
182
1
(c) Evaluation Issues
183
1
(d) Treatment Issues
184
1
Bibliography
185
1
Chapter 8. Mental State at the Time of the Offense
186
63
8.01. Introduction
186
1
8.02. The Insanity Defense
186
16
(a) Common Misperceptions about the Defense
187
3
(1) How Often Is the Plea of Insanity Made?
187
1
(2) How Often Is the Plea Successful?
188
1
(3) What Happens to Those Found NGRI?
188
1
(4) How Dangerous Are Those Found NGRI?
189
1
(b) History of the Defense
190
3
(c) A Closer Look at the Insanity Defense
193
9
(1) Mental Disease or Defect
195
2
(2) Causation
197
1
(3) Cognitive Impairment
198
2
(4) Volitional Impairment
200
1
(5) Burden and Standard of Proof
201
1
8.03. Exculpatory and Mitigating Doctrines Other than Insanity
202
13
(a) Automatism Defense
203
1
(b) Mens Rea Testimony (Diminished Capacity)
204
4
(c) Actus Reus Testimony
208
2
(d) Self-Defense, Provocation, Duress, and Entrapment
210
3
(e) Defenses Based on Intoxication
213
1
(f) The "Guilty but Mentally Ill" Plea
214
1
8.04. Research on the Relationship of Diagnosis to MSO Defenses
215
13
(a) Psychoses and Personality Disorders
216
2
(b) Epilepsy
218
2
(c) Hypoglycemic Syndrome
220
1
(d) Dissociative States
221
2
(e) Postraumatic Stress Disorder
223
1
(f) Genetic Aberrations: The XYY Syndrome
224
1
(g) Impulse Disorders
225
2
(h) Other Novel Defenses
227
1
8.05. Reliability and Validity of MSO Opinions
228
6
(a) Reliability Studies
228
2
(b) Validity Studies
230
1
(c) Formal Assessment of Insanity: The RCRAS
231
3
8.06. MSO Investigation
234
12
(a) Preliminary Screening for MSO Defense
234
1
(b) Comprehensive MSO Investigation Procedures
235
1
(1) Third-Party Information
235
4
(2) Phases and Tone of the Defendant Interview
239
1
(3) Testing, Hypnosis, and Other Special Procedures
240
6
8.07. Formulating an Opinion
242
4
(a) Behavioral Formulations
242
3
(b) Psychodynamic Formulations
245
1
8.08. Conclusion
246
2
Bibliography
248
1
Chapter 9. Sentencing
249
48
9.01. Introduction
249
1
9.02. A Brief History of Sentencing
250
2
9.03. A Comparison of Rehabilitative and Retributive Sentencing
252
6
(a) The Role of Legal Decisionmakers
253
1
(1) The Legislature
253
1
(2) The Prosecutor
254
1
(3) The Court
255
1
(4) The Parole Board
256
1
(b) Procedures
256
1
(1) The Degree of Formality
256
1
(2) The Presentence Report
257
1
(c) The Role of Mental Health Professionals
258
1
9.04. Special Sentencing Provisions
258
6
(a) Repeat Offender Statutes
259
1
(b) Sexual Offender Statutes
259
4
(c) Youthful Offenders
263
1
(d) Drug-Dependent Offenders
263
1
9.05. Capital Sentencing
264
3
(a) Substantive Criteria
265
2
(b) Procedural Criteria
267
1
9.06. Factors Influencing Sentencing
267
3
(a) Judicial Philosophy
267
1
(b) System and Defendant-Based Factors
268
1
(c) Presentence Reports
268
1
(d) The Impact of Clinical Recommendations
269
1
9.07. Assessment of Treatment Needs
270
4
(a) Characteristics of Offenders Evaluated for Treatment
270
1
(b) Conducting the Treatment Evaluation
271
1
(c) Formulating the Treatment Recommendation
272
1
(1) Treatment Bias
272
1
(2) Unrealistic Recommendations
272
1
(3) "Forced Treatment,"
273
1
(4) The Scope of Recommendations
273
1
9.08. Assessment of Culpability
274
3
(a) Understanding the Offense
274
1
(b) Understanding the Offender
275
1
(c) Understanding the Victim
275
1
(d) Evaluating Culpability
276
1
9.09. Violence Prediction and Risk Assessment
277
16
(a) Factors that Influence Judgments about Dangerousness
277
2
(1) Variability in the Legal Definition
277
1
(2) Complexity of the Literature
278
1
(3) Judgment Errors and Biases
278
1
(4) Political Consequences for the Predictor
279
1
(b) Accuracy of Clinical Predictions of Dangerousness
279
4
(1) Types of Errors and Base Rates
279
3
(2) First-Generation Prediction Studies
282
1
(3) Critique of First-Generation Studies
282
1
(4) Risk Assessment and Management: A Second Generation of Research
283
1
(c) The Assessment of (Long-Term) Risk for Violence
284
9
(1) Three Approaches to the Assessment of Risk
284
1
(2) Empirical Correlates of Dangerousness
285
5
(3) Individualized (Anamnestic) Risk Appraisal
290
2
(4) Formulations Regarding Risk
292
1
Bibliography
293
4
Part III. Noncriminal Adjudication
297
120
Chapter 10. Civil Commitment
297
40
10.01. Introduction
297
2
10.02. A History of Commitment Law
299
7
(a) From Ancient Times to the 1970s
299
1
(b) The Reform Movement
300
3
(1) Challenges to the Medical Model
301
1
(2) Challenges to the Consequences of Commitment
301
1
(3) Challenges to Commitment Process and Criteria
302
1
(c) Supreme Court Retrenchment
303
3
10.03. Substantive Criteria for Commitment
306
7
(a) Mental Disorder
307
1
(b) Capacity to Make Treatment Decisions
308
1
(c) Danger to Others
308
1
(d) Danger to Self
309
1
(e) Grave Disability/Inability to Care for Self
309
1
(f) Need for Treatment
310
1
(g) The Least Restrictive Alternative
311
1
(h) Outpatient Commitment
311
1
10.04. Procedural Due Process
313
4
(a) Inpatient Commitment Procedures
313
2
(1) Emergency Admissions
313
1
(2) Long-Term Detention
314
1
(b) Outpatient Commitment Procedures
315
2
(c) Voluntary Commitment Procedures
317
1
10.05. The Effects of Commitment Laws and Commitment
317
4
(a) Frequency of Commitment
318
1
(b) Commitment Criteria
318
1
(c) Procedures
319
1
(d) Why the Laws Have Failed: Pressures for Hospitalization
320
1
(e) The Questionable Benefit of Hospitalization
320
1
(f) The Need for Caution
320
1
10.06. Attorney's Role
321
2
10.07. Clinician's Role
323
1
10.08. Commitment Evaluation
323
5
(a) Mental Illness and Need for Treatment
323
1
(b) Dangerousness to Self
324
2
(1) Correlates of Risk for Suicide
324
1
(2) The Clinical Assessment of Suicidal Risk
325
1
(3) Suicide "Prediction" versus Risk Assessment
326
1
(c) Grave Disability/Inability to Care for Self
326
1
(d) Dangerousness to Others
327
1
10.09. The Process of the Evaluation
328
2
(a) The Right to Silence
328
1
(b) The Right to Assistance of Counsel
329
1
(c) The Context of Civil Commitment Evaluations
329
1
10.10. Special Commitment Settings and Populations
330
5
(a) Minors
330
1
(b) Jail and Prison Inmates
331
1
(1) Inmates Convicted of a Crime
331
1
(2) Inmates Awaiting Trial
331
1
(c) Insanity Acquittees
332
1
(d) People with Mental Retardation
333
1
(e) People Who Abuse Substances
334
1
Bibliography
335
7
Chapter 11. Civil Competencies
337
26
11.01. Introduction
337
1
11.02. Guardianship
338
7
(a) Forms of Guardianship
339
1
(b) Determining Need for Guardianship
340
3
(1) Legal Requirements
340
2
(2) Clinical Evaluation
342
1
(c) Determining Who Shall Be the Guardian
343
1
(d) Determining What the Guardian Shall Do
344
1
(e) Advanced Directives
344
1
11.03. Competency to Make Treatment Decisions
345
11
(a) Requirements for Informed Consent
345
4
(1) Disclosure
346
1
(2) Competency
347
2
(3) Voluntariness
349
1
(b) The Right to Refuse Psychoactive Medication
349
3
(c) Research on Informed Consent
352
3
(1) Disclosure
352
1
(2) Competency
353
2
(3) Voluntariness
355
1
(d) Evaluation of Competency to Make Treatment Decisions
355
1
11.04. Competency to Consent to Research
356
2
(a) Legal Requirements
357
1
(b) Research
357
1
(c) Evaluation
358
1
11.05. Testamentary Capacity
358
4
(a) Legal Requirements
359
1
(b) Clinical Evaluation of Testamentary Capacity
360
2
(1) Testator Knowledge That Will Is Being Made
360
1
(2) Testator Knowledge of Nature and Extent of Property
361
1
(3) Testator Knowledge of Natural Objects of Bounty
361
1
(4) Testator Knowledge of the Manner in Which Property Is Disposed
361
1
(c) Conclusion
362
1
Bibliography
362
1
Chapter 12. Compensating Mental Injuries: Workers' Compensation and Torts
363
10
12.01. Introduction
363
1
12.02. Workers' Compensation Law
364
5
(a) The Claims Process
365
1
(b) Substantive Criteria for Compensation
366
1
(1) Injury or Disability
366
1
(2) In the Course of Employment
366
1
(3) Injury Arising "by Accident"
367
1
(c) Mental Injury
367
1
(1) Physical Trauma Causing Mental Injury
367
1
(2) Mental Stimulus Causing Physical Injury
368
1
(3) Mental Stimulus Causing Mental Injury
368
1
(4) Preexisting Mental Disorder
369
1
12.03. The Tort of Emotional Distress
369
4
(a) Substantive Criteria
369
2
(1) Duty
370
1
(2) Breach of Duty
370
1
(3) Proximate Cause
371
1
(4) Compensable Damages
371
1
(b) Mental Injury
371
2
(1) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
372
1
(2) Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
372
1
(c) The Predisposed Plaintiff
373
1
12.04. Causation in Mental Injury Cases: A Paradigm Clash?
373
1
12.05. Clinical Evaluation of Mental Injury
374
7
(a) Context of Evaluation
374
1
(b) Scope of Evaluation
375
1
(c) Ascertaining Mental Injury
375
3
(1) Traumatic Neurosis/Posttraumatic Stress
376
1
(2) Other Conditions
377
1
(3) Malingering
377
1
(d) Assessing the Relationship between Injury and Event
378
1
(e) Ascertaining Effects of Mental Injury
379
1
(f) Prognosis
380
1
12.06. Conclusion: Reports and Testimony
381
1
Bibliography
381
2
Chapter 13. Federal Antidiscrimination and Entitlement Laws
383
34
13.01. Introduction
383
1
13.02. The Americans with Disabilities Act
384
9
(a) An Overview of Title I
385
1
(b) Coverage
386
6
(1) Disability
386
1
(2) Qualified Individual
387
1
(3) Reasonable Accommodation
388
3
(4) Employees Who Pose a Threat to Others
391
1
(c) Applicant Testing
392
1
(d) Enforcement
393
1
(e) Forensic Evaluation
393
2
(1) Mental Impairment
393
1
(2) Qualified to Perform Essential Functions
394
1
(3) Reasonable Accommodation
394
1
(4) Direct Threat
395
1
13.03. Fair Housing Amendments Act
395
5
(a) Purpose of the Act
395
1
(b) Coverage of the Act
396
1
(c) Judicial Interpretation
397
2
(1) Zoning and Building Requirements
397
1
(2) Notice and Hearing Requirements
398
1
(3) Reasonable Accommodation
398
1
(4) Direct Threat
399
1
(d) Enforcement
399
1
(e) Role of the Forensic Examiner
400
1
13.04. Social Security Laws
400
12
(a) Eligibility Criteria
401
6
(1) Adults
401
5
(2) Children
406
1
(b) The Process for Decisionmaking
407
1
(c) Evaluation of Adults
408
3
(d) Evaluation of Children
411
1
13.05. Conclusion
412
1
Bibliography
412
5
Part IV. Children and Families
417
102
Chapter 14. Juvenile Delinquency
417
24
14.01. Introduction
417
1
14.02. The Rise and Fall of the "Therapeutic" Juvenile Court
418
3
(a) Juvenile Justice in the Common Law
418
1
(b) The Social and Legal Segregation of Youth
418
1
(c) The Invention of the Juvenile Court
419
1
(d) The Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal
419
1
(e) The Shrinking of the Juvenile Court
420
1
14.03. The Nature of the Juvenile Process
421
5
(a) A Typical Statute
421
2
(1) Purpose
421
1
(2) Jurisdiction
421
1
(3) Procedure
422
1
(b) Directions for Reform
423
1
(1) Community-Based Systems
423
1
(2) Juvenile Justice Standards
424
1
(3) Abolition or Reform?
424
2
14.04. The Mental Health Professional's Role in Juvenile Court
426
3
(a) Criminal Forensic Questions
426
1
(b) Amenability to Treatment
426
2
(c) Consultation
428
1
14.05. The Nature of the Evaluation
429
4
(a) The Process of the Evaluation
429
1
(b) The Scope of the Evaluation
429
1
(1) The Meaning of "Treatment"
429
2
(2) Dispositional Alternatives
431
1
(3) What Works
431
2
14.06. Specific Areas of Evaluation
433
4
(a) Family
433
1
(1) Reasons for Assessment
433
1
(2) Clinical Issues
433
1
(b) Peer Relations
434
1
(c) Community
434
1
(d) Academic and Vocational Skills
435
1
(e) Personality Functioning
436
1
14.07. Special Juvenile Populations
437
2
(a) Very Young Offenders
437
1
(b) Sex Offenders
438
1
(c) Status Offenders
438
1
14.08. Do the Mental Health and Juvenile Systems Belong Together?
439
1
Bibliography
440
1
Chapter 15. Child Abuse and Neglect
441
42
15.01. The Nature of Abuse and Neglect Proceedings
441
4
(a) Philosophical Dilemmas
441
1
(b) Stages of the Legal Process
441
1
(c) General Policy Perspectives
442
1
(1) Perspectives on State Intervention
442
2
(2) "Neighbors Helping Neighbors": The New Paradigm in Child Protection
444
1
15.02. Legal Definitions of Child Maltreatment
445
2
(a) Physical Abuse
445
1
(b) Physical Neglect
446
1
(c) Sexual Abuse
446
1
(d) Emotional Abuse and Neglect
446
1
(e) Conclusions
447
1
15.03. Child Maltreatment as a Clinical Phenomenon
447
7
(a) The "Discovery" of Child Abuse
447
1
(b) Social Science Definitions
448
1
(c) Social Science Perspectives
448
2
(d) Factors in the Etiology of Child Maltreatment
450
3
(1) Psychological Factors
450
1
(2) Social and Economic Factors
451
2
(e) Prognosis and Treatment
453
1
(1) Treatment of Abusive and Neglecting Parents
453
1
(2) Treatment of Abused and Neglected Children
453
1
15.04. Clinicians' Involvement in the Legal Process
454
14
(a) Investigation
454
2
(b) Emergency Decisions
456
1
(c) Adjudication
456
8
(1) Procedural Issues
456
3
(2) Reliability of Hearsay
459
1
(3) Competence to Testify
460
1
(4) The Case in Chief: Proving Injury and Abuse
461
1
(d) Disposition and Postdispositional Review
464
2
(e) Termination of Parental Rights
466
1
(f) Mediation and Other Alternative Processes
467
1
15.05. Special Populations
468
6
(a) Parents with Mental Illness
468
1
(b) Parents with Mental Retardation
469
1
(c) Parents Who Abuse Alcohol
470
1
(d) Parents Who Use Illegal Drugs
470
2
(e) Biologically Related Foster Parents
472
2
15.06. The Technique of Abuse/Neglect Evaluations
474
5
(a) Content of the Evaluation
474
1
(b) Interviewing the Child
474
2
(c) Psychometric Instruments
476
1
(d) Anatomically Detailed Dolls
476
1
(e) Avoiding Ethical Problems
477
4
15.07. Adult Cases Related to Abuse and Neglect
479
2
(a) Elder Abuse
478
1
(b) Adult Survivors of Child Abuse and Neglect
479
2
Bibliography
481
2
Chapter 16. Child Custody in Divorce
483
23
16.01. The Scope of Clinicians' Involvement in Custody Disputes
483
4
(a) Current Involvement
483
1
(b) Some Possible Roles
484
2
(1) Evaluator and Investigator
484
1
(2) Mediator and Intervenor
485
1
(c) The American Psychological Association Guidelines
486
1
16.02. Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes
487
5
(a) Historic Preferences
487
1
(b) The Best-Interests Standard
487
2
(c) The Least Detrimental Alternative
489
1
(d) The Primary-Caretaker Standard
489
1
(e) Joint Custody
490
1
(f) Special Populations
490
1
(1) Gay and Lesbian Parents
490
1
(2) Grandparents and Other Third Parties
491
1
(g) The Multiplicity of Issues
491
1
16.03. What Do We Know?
492
7
(a) Effects of Divorce on Children
492
2
(b) Father Custody
494
1
(c) Same-Sex Custody
494
1
(d) Joint Custody
495
1
(e) Special Populations
496
1
(f) Children's Participation in Decisionmaking
497
1
(1) Law and Empirical Research
497
1
(2) Professional Standards and Practices
498
1
16.04. The Technique of Custody Evaluations
499
5
(a) Auspices: Who Is the Client?
500
1
(b) Application of the Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege
501
1
(c) Scope of the Evaluation
501
1
(d) Traditional Psychological Testing
501
2
(e) Specialized Tests
503
1
16.05. The Politics of Divorce
504
1
Bibliography
505
1
Chapter 17. Education and Habilitation
506
13
17.01. Introduction
506
1
17.02. The Impetus for the IDEA
506
1
17.03. The Structure of the IDEA
507
5
(a) Substantive Coverage
507
1
(1) Disability
507
1
(2) Free and Appropriate Education
508
1
(3) Related Services
508
1
(4) Least Restrictive Environment: Mainstreaming
509
1
(b) Procedures under the Act
510
1
(1) Identification of Children with Disability
510
1
(2) Evaluation of the Child: The Individual Education Plan
510
1
(3) Review Procedures
511
1
(4) Disciplinary Procedures
511
1
17.04. Clinical Evaluation under the Act
512
3
(a) Specific Skills to Assess
512
1
(b) Information Gathering
513
1
(c) Testing
514
1
(d) Report and Testimony
514
1
Bibliography
515
4
Part V. Communicating with the Courts
519
124
Chapter 18. Consultation, Report Writing, and Expert Testimony
519
124
18.01. Introduction
519
2
18.02. Preliminary Consultations
521
2
(a) Clarification of Issues
521
1
(b) Sharing Information
522
1
(c) Preliminary Report of Findings
522
1
18.03. Report Writing
523
3
(a) Functions of a Forensic Report
523
1
(b) General Guidelines for Report Writing
524
1
(1) Separate Facts from Inferences
524
1
(2) Stay within the Scope of the Referral Question
524
1
(3) Avoid Information Over(and under)kill
525
1
(4) Minimize Clinical Jargon
526
1
18.04. Expert Testimony and the Social Psychology of Persuasion
526
16
(a) Deposition
527
1
(b) Pretrial Conference
528
1
(c) Voir Dire: Qualifying as an Expert
529
2
(d) Direct Testimony
531
1
(e) Cross-Examination
532
3
(1) The "Infallibility Complex" and "God Only Knows" Gambits
532
1
(2) "Yes-No" Questioning
533
1
(3) The "Unreliable Examination" Gambit
533
1
(4) The "Subjective Opinion" Ploy
534
1
(5) The "Loaded Question" and "Lawyer as Expert" Ploys
534
1
(6) The "Learned Treatise" Assault
534
1
(f) Objections and Hypotheticals
535
2
(g) Impression Management
537
1
(1) Style of Dress
537
1
(2) Familiarity with Courtroom Protocol
537
1
(3) Speaking to the Jury
537
1
(4) Powerful Speech
537
1
(5) Maintaining Composure
538
1
(6) Conclusion
538
1
(h) Lay Attitudes toward Experts
538
1
18.05. The Ultimate-Issue Issue
539
7
(a) Perceived Importance of Opinions on Ultimate Legal Issues
540
2
(b) Pressures to Address Ultimate Legal Issues
542
1
(c) Resisting the Ultimate-Issue Question
543
3
Bibliography
546
1
Chapter 19. Sample Reports
547
67
19.01. Introduction
547
1
19.02. Competency to Stand Trial [Chapter 6]
548
7
(a) Harry Mills Report
548
1
(b) Discussion
549
1
(c) Warner Premington Report
550
1
(d) Discussion
551
1
(e) Fordham Rhodes Report
552
2
(f) Discussion
554
1
19.03. Competency to Plead and Confess [Chapter 5]
555
3
(a) Carl Bates Report
555
3
(b) Discussion
558
1
19.04. Mental State at the Time of the Offense [Chapter 8]
558
9
(a) Ed Wertz Report
558
4
(b) Discussion
562
1
(c) Seth Hedges Report
563
4
(d) Discussion
567
1
19.05. Sentencing [Chapter 9]
567
9
(a) George Sanders Report
567
4
(b) Discussion
571
1
(c) Lester Thomas Report
572
4
(d) Discussion
576
1
19.06. Civil Commitment [Chapter 10]
576
2
(a) J. Marlar Report
576
1
(b) Discussion
577
1
19.07. Competency to Handle Finances [Chapter 11]
578
4
(a) Dorothy Dyer Report
578
3
(b) Discussion
581
1
19.08. Workers' Compensation for Mental Injury [Chapter 12]
582
3
(a) Lane Cates Report
582
2
(b) Discussion
584
1
19.09. Reasonable Accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act [Chapter 13]
585
3
(a) Mike Johnson Report
585
2
(b) Discussion
587
1
19.10. Transfer to Adult Court [Chapter 14]
588
6
(a) Tom Young Report
588
5
(b) Discussion
593
1
19.11. Dispositional Review [Chapter 15]
594
6
(a) George and Gerald Jones Report
594
5
(b) Discussion
599
1
19.12. Custody [Chapter 16]
600
8
(a) The Gonz-Jones Report
600
7
(b) Discussion
607
1
19.13. Evaluation under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [Chapter 17]
608
6
(a) Sam Shay Report
608
5
(b) Discussion
613
1
Chapter 20. Glossary
614
29
20.01. Legal Terms
614
8
20.02. Clinical and Research Terms
622
21
Notes
643
138
Index
781