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Tables of Contents for Introduction to Geophysical Formation Evaluation
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
1. Introduction
1
16
1.1 Formation Evaluation
1
1
1.2 Operation
2
2
1.3 Methods of Gathering Information
4
8
1.4 The Borehole Environment
12
1
1.5 Data Reduction
12
2
1.6 Reserve Calculations
14
3
2. History
17
8
2.1 General
17
8
3. Formation Materials Characteristics
25
34
3.1 Petrophysics
25
3
3.2 Rock Types -- Sandstones
28
5
3.2.1 Carbonates
29
2
3.2.2 Clay Minerals
31
1
3.2.2.1 Clays
31
1
3.2.2.2 Shales
31
1
3.2.3 Other Sedimentary Materials
32
1
3.2.4 Hard-Rock Environments
33
1
3.3 General Considerations
33
2
3.3.1 Compaction and Overpressure
34
1
3.4 Fluids
35
24
3.4.1 Water Characteristics
35
4
3.4.2 Ionic Conduction in Water
39
3
3.4.3 Hydrocarbons and Gases
42
17
4. Porosity, Permeability, Tortuosity, and Saturation
59
24
4.1 General
59
1
4.2 Porosity
59
2
4.3 Tortuosity
61
4
4.4 Permeability
65
6
4.5 Saturation
71
2
4.6 Overpressure
73
1
4.7 Saturation Evaluation
74
3
4.8 Demonstration
77
3
4.9 Water Cut
80
3
4.9.1 Water-Cut Determinations
80
3
5. Borehole, Mud, and Formation Effects
83
20
5.1 Borehole Effects
83
3
5.2 Mud Logging
86
2
5.2.1 Lag
87
1
5.3 Hydrocarbon Logging
88
2
5.3.1 Sources of Gas
89
1
5.3.2 Gas Deflection
90
1
5.4 Analysis of the Drilling Data
90
3
5.4.1 Shale Factor
92
1
5.5 Invasion
93
3
5.6 Hole Considerations
96
2
5.7 Logging Tool Position
98
1
5.8 Cased Holes
99
4
6. Cores, Core Analysis, and Cuttings
103
20
6.1 Introduction
103
1
6.2 Uses of Coring
103
6
6.3 Core Quality
109
2
6.4 Core Analysis
111
1
6.5 Core Information
111
1
6.6 Laboratory Measurements on Cores
112
4
6.6.1 Extractors
112
2
6.6.2 Retorting
114
1
6.6.3 Bulk Volume
115
1
6.6.4 Pore Volume -- Boyle's Law Method
115
1
6.6.5 Pore Volume -- Washburn-Bunting Method
115
1
6.6.6 Grain Density
115
1
6.6.7 Usual Practice, Pore Volume
116
1
6.7 Core-Derived Permeability
116
3
6.7.1 Laboratory Measurements
117
2
6.8 Problems Associated with Core-Derived Data
119
1
6.9 Cuttings Samples
119
1
6.10 Sidewall Coring
120
1
6.11 Fluid Sampling
120
3
7. Introduction to Electric Resistance and Resistivity
123
20
7.1 Resistance and Resistivity
123
1
7.2 Definitions
123
5
7.2.1 Resistance
124
1
7.2.2 Resistivity
125
3
7.2.3 Units
128
1
7.3 Formation Resistivity
128
3
7.4 Cementation Exponent
131
4
7.5 Rock Texture, Sandstone
135
1
7.6 Rock Texture, Carbonates
135
1
7.7 Salinity
136
2
7.8 R(T) vs XXX Crossplot -- The Pickett Plot
138
1
7.9 The Non-Linear -- (Hingle) Crossplot
139
4
8. Introduction to Radioactivity
143
26
8.1 Definitions and Terms
143
4
8.2 Particle Description
147
19
8.2.1 Electrons, Beta Particles, and Positrons
147
2
8.2.2 Neutrons
149
3
8.2.3 Protons and Similar Particles
152
1
8.2.4 Alpha Particles
152
1
8.2.5 Atoms
153
1
8.2.6 Photons
154
12
8.2.6.1 Gamma-Photon Scattering Interactions
155
4
8.2.6.2 Sources and the Scattering Process
159
3
8.2.6.3 Compton Interactions
162
4
8.3 Geophysical Logging Considerations
166
1
8.4 Health Physics
167
2
Glossary
169
4
Bibliography
173
4
Index
177