search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Non-Hydrocarbon Methods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
6
Introduction to Non-Hydrocarbon Geophysical Methods
ix
1. Resistivity Methods
1
22
1.1 Discussion about Resistiity in Formation Evaluation
1
9
1.1.1 Terminology
3
1
1.1.2 Temperature Effects
3
1
1.1.3 Resistivity Character of Rocks and Fluids
4
5
1.1.3.1 Salinity Effects
8
1
1.1.4 Checks
9
1
1.2 Formation Resistivity Measurements from a Cased Hole
10
1
1.3 Formation Microscanner Tool (FMT)
11
2
1.3.1 Uses
13
1
1.4 The Fullbore Formation Microimager (FMI)
13
1
1.5 The Array Induction Tool (AIT)
14
2
1.6 Laboratory Methods
16
4
1.6.1 Samples
17
1
1.6.2 Porosity
17
3
1.6.2.1 Interconnecting Porosity
18
1
1.6.2.2 Isolated Porosity
19
1
1.6.3 Shale Determinations
20
1
1.7 Oceanographic Uses
20
3
1.7.1 Water Body
20
1
1.7.2 Fluid Testers
21
1
1.7.3 Laboratory Measurements
22
1
2. Photon and Particle Methods
23
26
2.1 Introduction
23
1
2.2 Requirements of Gamma Ray Systems
24
4
2.2.1 Accuracy
25
1
2.2.2 Sensitivity
26
1
2.2.3 Resolution
27
1
2.3 Natural Gamma Radiation
28
9
2.3.1 Laboratory Methods
28
2
2.3.1.1 Core Gamma
28
1
2.3.1.2 Beta Gamma Method
29
1
2.3.1.3 Closed Can Analysis
30
1
2.3.2 Estimation of Uranium Amount
30
3
2.3.3 Small, Portable Radiation Detection Units
33
2
2.3.4 Detector Types
35
2
2.3.4.1 Geiger-Muller Detectors
35
1
2.3.4.2 Proportional Detectors
36
1
2.3.4.3 Scintillation Detectors
36
1
2.4 X-ray Methods
37
2
2.4.1 Borehole Logging Systems
38
1
2.4.2 X-ray Diffraction Analysis
38
1
2.4.3 X-ray Crystallographic Analysis
38
1
2.5 Radon Surveys
39
4
2.5.1 Alpha Cups
42
1
2.6 Optical Systems
43
6
2.6.1 UV Methods
43
2
2.6.2 Visual Images
45
4
2.6.2.1 Video Logging
45
2
2.6.2.2 Remote Sensing
47
2
3. Nuclear Methods
49
10
3.1 Introduction
49
4
3.2 Radon Surveys
53
6
3.2.1 Alpha Cups
56
3
4. Magnetic and Electromagnetic Methods
59
24
4.1 Introduction
59
1
4.2 Magnetic Relationships
59
2
4.3 Surface Measurements
61
3
4.3.1 Geophysical Measurements
62
1
4.3.2 Application
63
1
4.4 Electromagnetic Systems (EM)
64
4
4.4.1 Variable Frequency Systems
64
1
4.4.2 Pulsed Systems
64
2
4.4.2.1 Principle
64
2
4.4.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Pulsed EM Techniques
66
1
4.4.3 Electromagnetic Propagation
66
2
4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Methods
68
1
4.6 Magnetic Susceptibility Logging
68
12
4.6.1 Magnetic Materials
71
1
4.6.2 Magnetic Susceptibility of Geologic Materials
72
1
4.6.3 Field Tests
73
5
4.6.4 Laboratory Methods
78
2
4.7 Radar
80
3
5. Mechanical Wave, Acoustic Methods
83
14
5.1 Introduction
83
1
5.2 Borehole Seismic Methods
83
4
5.2.1 Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)
84
3
5.2.1.1 Well Seismic Tool (WST)
86
1
5.2.1.2 Seismic Aquisition Tool (SAT)
86
1
5.2.1.3 Downhole Seismic Array Tool (DSA)
86
1
5.2.1.4 Sources
86
1
5.2.1.5 Technique
86
1
5.2.1.6 Check Shots
87
1
5.3 Borehole Televiewer
87
3
5.4 Array Sonic Systems (AIT)
90
2
5.5 Long-Spacing Acoustic Systems (LSS)
92
5
6. Thermal Methods
97
26
6.1 Introduction
97
1
6.2 Principles
98
1
6.3 Borehole Temperature
99
8
6.3.1 Normal Uses
100
2
6.3.2 Instruments
102
1
6.3.3 Temperature Measurement Considerations
103
2
6.3.4 Differential Temperature Measurements
105
2
6.4 Uses of Temperature Measurements -- Correction of Solution Resistivities
107
1
6.5 Thermal Conductivity
108
1
6.6 Determination of the Formation Temperature
109
4
6.7 Injection of Fluids Into the Formation
113
2
6.8 Fluid Moving Into and Out of the Borehole
115
4
6.9 Fluid Loss and Communication
119
4
7. Borehole Calipers
123
14
7.1 Single-Arm Devices
123
2
7.2 Two-Arm Calipers
125
1
7.3 Three-Arm Calipers
125
2
7.4 Four-and Six-Arm Calipers
127
1
7.5 Multi-Arm Calipers
128
1
7.6 Nonmechanical Methods
128
3
7.7 Uses of Borehole Calipers
131
6
8. Surface Laboratory Methods
137
14
8.1 Introduction
137
1
8.2 Samples
138
2
8.2.1 Porosity
138
2
8.2.1.1 Interconnecting Porosity
139
1
8.2.1.2 Isolated Porosity
139
1
8.3 Shale Determinations
140
1
8.4 Density
140
1
8.5 Spectroscopy
141
5
8.5.1 Emission and Absorption Spectral Analysis
142
1
8.5.2 Mass Spectrograph
142
3
8.5.3 Spectral Radiation Analysis
145
1
8.5.4 Laboratory Activation Analysis
146
1
8.6 Cores
146
3
8.6.1 Laboratory Resistivity Measurements
147
1
8.6.2 Laboratory Acoustic Measurements
148
1
8.6.3 Laboratory Density Measurements
149
1
8.7 Coal Parameters
149
2
9. Uses and Analysis of Geophysical Methods
151
48
9.1 Single Measurements
151
2
9.2 Development of Multiple Curve Measurements
153
2
9.3 Checks
155
7
9.3.1 Water Exploration and Evaluation
158
3
9.3.2 Sand Shale Sequences
161
1
9.3.3 Saturation
161
1
9.4 Salinity Effects
162
3
9.5 Oceanographic Uses
165
3
9.5.1 Water Body
165
1
9.5.2 Laboratory Measurements
166
1
9.5.3 Fluid Testers
167
1
9.6 Detection of Massive Discontinuities
168
3
9.6.1 Acoustic and Seismic Methods
168
1
9.6.2 Tomography
169
2
9.7 Mise-a-la-masse
171
6
9.7.1 Reduction-Oxidation Method
173
2
9.7.2 Gravity
175
1
9.7.3 Magnetics
175
1
9.7.4 Gamma Radiation
176
1
9.7.5 Surface Resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP)
176
1
9.8 Engineering
177
3
9.8.1 Civil Engineering
177
1
9.8.2 Structural Sites
177
1
9.8.3 Right-of-Way Engineering
178
1
9.8.4 Mining
179
1
9.8.5 Real Estate Evaluation
179
1
9.8.6 Archeology
180
1
9.8.7 Waste Disposal
180
1
9.9 Metallic Mineral Exploration
180
7
9.9.1 Transport and Deposition Mechanisms
180
1
9.9.1.1 Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena
180
1
9.9.2 Relation to Geology Geophysics
181
5
9.9.2.1 Geochemical Cells
182
4
9.9.3 Other Mechanisms
186
1
9.9.4 Acid-Base Reactions
187
1
9.9.5 Thermal Changes
187
1
9.10 Coal
187
6
9.10.1 Surface Methods
187
5
9.10.2 Other Geophysical Techniques for Coal Exploration
192
1
9.11 Analysis
193
2
9.11.1 Cross Plotting
193
1
9.11.2 Data Handling and Transmission
194
1
9.12 Digital Signal Transmission
195
1
9.13 Presentations
196
1
9.14 Data Handling and Transmission
196
3
10. Transducers and Electrodes
199
16
10.1 Introduction
199
1
10.2 Electromagnetic Transducers
200
1
10.3 Acoustic Transducers
201
3
10.3.1 Geophones
201
1
10.3.2 Seismic Acoustic Sources
202
2
10.4 Electrodes
204
4
10.4.1 Half-Cell Electrodes
206
1
10.4.2 pH Electrodes
206
1
10.4.3 Specific Ion Electrodes
207
1
10.4.4 High Frequency Transducers
208
1
10.5 Radioactivity Detectors
208
5
10.5.1 Ionization Chambers
208
1
10.5.2 Geiger-Muller Detectors
208
1
10.5.3 Proportional Counters
209
1
10.5.4 Scintillation Detectors
210
2
10.5.5 Solid-State Detectors
212
1
10.6 Mechanical Considerations
213
2
11. Shielding and Calibration
215
20
11.1 Shielding
215
1
11.2 Gamma Radiation
215
7
11.2.1 Compton Scattering
218
1
11.2.2 Photoelectric Absorption
219
1
11.2.3 Pair Production
219
1
11.2.4 Total Attenuation Coefficient
220
1
11.2.5 Shield Thickness
220
1
11.2.6 Collimation
221
1
11.2.7 Shielding Determinations
222
1
11.3 Neutron Source Shielding
222
2
11.3.1 Source Storage
223
1
11.4 Calibration
224
11
11.4.1 Resistivity and Conductivity Equipment
226
2
11.4.2 Acoustic Equipment
228
1
11.4.2.1 Seismic and VSP
228
1
11.4.3 Neutron Systems
229
2
11.4.4 Gamma Ray Systems
231
1
11.4.5 Density Systems
231
4
Appendices
235
24
A. Regression Analysis
235
1
Mean Values
236
1
B. Matrix Algebra
241
8
C. Bibliography and References
241
8
D. Symbols and Abbreviations, Subscripts, Superscripts
249
6
E. Definitions
255
2
F. Greek Alphabet
257
2
Index
259