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Tables of Contents for Perverse Subsidies
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes
xi
 
Preface
xv
 
PART I. Background
Introduction: What Are Subsidies?
3
19
Definition
5
4
Equity Concerns
9
1
Why Subsidies Are Often Unpopular
10
2
The Scale of Subsidies
12
1
Environmental Externalities
13
3
Research Methodology
16
4
Key Caveat
20
2
When Do Subsidies Become Perverse?
22
17
Environmental and Economic Values
25
1
Environmental and Economic Costs
26
2
Environmental Externalities Revisited
28
3
The Question of Uncertainty
31
2
Global Warming
33
1
Summation and Conclusion
34
5
PART II. Sectoral Analyses
Agriculture
39
24
The Subsidies Phenomenon
43
2
United States
45
6
All OECD Countries
51
1
Non-OECD Countries
51
1
The Environmental Resource Base
52
3
Subsidies Worldwide
55
4
Scope for Policy Interventions
59
4
Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy
63
32
United States
69
2
All OECD Countries
71
1
The Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
71
4
Other Non-OECD Countries
75
3
Nuclear Energy
78
2
Environmental Externalities
80
4
Subsidies Worldwide
84
3
Policy Options
87
8
Cutting Carbon Dioxide Emissions
88
1
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
89
6
Road Transportation
95
25
United States
98
6
Subsidies to the Oil and Car Industries
99
1
Road Building and Infrastructure
100
1
Free Parking
100
1
Road Congestion
100
1
Accidents, Injuries, and Deaths
101
1
Military Safeguards
102
1
Environmental Externalities
103
1
Total U.S. Subsidies
104
2
Other OECD Countries
106
3
Total Subsidies in OECD Countries
109
1
Subsidies in Non-OECD Countries
109
3
Subsidies Worldwide
112
3
Policy Responses
115
5
Establish the ``True'' Price of Gasoline
115
1
Adjust the Playing Field
116
1
Expand Traffic Management
117
1
Increase Car Efficiency
117
3
Water
120
28
Water Demand and Supply
121
2
Water Waste and Subsidies
123
3
Adyerse Consequences
126
5
Water as a Free Good
131
2
Inefficiency and Waste
133
1
Three Case Studies
134
4
India
134
1
Israel
135
1
United States
136
2
Subsidies Worldwide
138
3
Scope for Policy Reform
141
7
Fisheries
148
11
Marine Fisheries in Decline
149
2
Reasons for Decline
151
1
Subsidies Worldwide
151
5
Policy Responses
156
3
Forestry
159
28
Example of Overlogging: Indonesia
161
4
Example of Cattle Ranching: Brazil
165
2
Other Examples of Subsidized Deforestation in the Humid Tropics
167
1
Total Subsidies in Tropical Forestry
168
1
Examples of Overlogging in Developed Countries
169
8
United States
169
5
Canada
174
2
Russia
176
1
Subsidies Worldwide
177
2
Environmental Externalities
179
8
Material Goods
179
2
Environmental Services
181
6
Overview Assessment
187
10
Perverse Subsidies: The Leaders in Absurdity
190
1
The Crux: Covert Costs of Perverse Subsidies
191
1
The Double Dividend
192
5
PART III. Policy
What Shall We Do About It All?
197
10
Big-Picture Strategies
198
4
Supplementary Measures
202
2
Regulation
202
1
User Charges
202
1
Tradable Permits
203
1
Green Taxes
203
1
Subsidies to Support the Environment
204
1
Perverse Subsidies and the Taxpayer: Some Better News
205
2
Notes
207
60
Index
267