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Tables of Contents for Mine Water
Foreword
Professor Rafael Fernandez Rubioxi
Mining and the Water Environment
1
64
Mining, society and the environment
1
2
What's covered?3
2
Who should read this book?5
1
Beyond this book5
1
Overview of mining and mine wastes
6
48
Purpose of overview6
1
Deep mining7
22
Surface mines29
10
Hybrid mining methods39
3
Mine wastes42
12
Impacts of mining and mine waters on the water environment and infrastructure
54
8
Sources of mine water contaminants and their natural attenuation
65
11
Mineral weathering as a source of mine water contamination67
3
The weathering kinetics of pyrite and related sulfide minerals70
3
Biological and chemical methods for pollution prevention73
2
Mineral weathering as a source of natural attenuation75
1
Contaminant mobility: pH as a master variable76
1
Acidity, alkalinity and pH
76
22
Strong acids and bases: defining acidity and alkalinity79
1
Weak acids: the CO2-H2O buffer system80
5
Buffering mine water quality: the relation between acidity and pH85
5
The proton condition: considering other weak acids in mine waters90
5
Vestigial and juvenile acidity95
2
The impact of biota on acidity and alkalinity97
1
Assessing contamination loads
98
14
Methods for assessing the potential for contamination99
3
Mineral weathering rates: a scaling problem102
2
Relating mineral mass and weathering rates to evolution of discharge quality104
2
Assessing the longevity of contamination106
6
The geochemistry of metal ions in aquatic environments
112
15
Hydrolysis and solubility of metal ions113
4
Adsorption of metal ions117
10
Mine Water Hydrology
127
144
Issues and processes in mine water hydrology
128
1
Mass continuity and hydrological fluxes
129
18
Mass continuity as the core paradigm in hydrology129
1
Natural hydrological balances - the basic processes130
6
Complete descriptions of flow processes: the basis for hydrological modelling136
11
Hydrometry in mining environments
147
22
Definition of hydrometry147
1
Hydrometeorological parameters147
4
Flow gauging151
8
Measuring ground water heads159
6
Measuring ventilation water losses165
4
Physical impacts of mineral extraction on natural hydrological systems
169
12
Excavation and fracturing169
1
Impacts of excavation on surface water systems170
6
Impacts of excavation on ground water systems176
5
Water inflows to active workings
181
17
Seepages, drippers, feeders, inrushes and direct precipitation181
6
Water make and mine water budgets187
2
Deep mine water makes: some general observations189
4
Mining beneath water bodies193
1
Surface mine water makes: a question of stability194
4
Dewatering techniques and their design
198
15
The necessity of dewatering198
1
Sump dewatering199
5
Adit dewatering204
2
External dewatering206
5
Geotechnical alternatives/aids to dewatering211
2
Environmental impacts of dewatering and their mitigation
213
5
Dewatering impacts213
3
Mitigation216
2
Hydrological behaviour of waste rock piles, backfill and tailings dams
218
12
Waste rock piles (spoil heaps) and surface mine backfill218
8
Tailings dams226
4
Mine abandonment and rebound processes
230
18
Understanding mine water rebound: ponds and head-dependent inflows230
9
Predictive modelling of mine water rebound239
9
Abandoned mine hydrology after rebound is complete
248
12
Abandoned surface mines: pit lakes248
5
Deep mine voids253
1
The environmental impacts of abandoned mine discharges254
3
The longevity of pollution from abandoned mines257
3
Hydrological interventions in mine water remediation
260
11
Introduction260
1
Passive prevention of pollutant release260
8
Use of pumps in mine water control268
3
Active Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters
271
40
What is active treatment?
271
3
Oxidation, dosing with alkali and sedimentation (ODAS)
274
21
Introduction274
1
Oxidation274
1
Purpose of oxidation in mine water treatment274
1
Cascade aeration275
1
Trickle filter aeration275
1
In-line venturi aeration275
2
Mechanical aeration277
1
Biochemical oxidation by RBC278
1
Chemical oxidation278
1
Dosing with alkali279
1
Rationale for dosing with alkali279
1
Pre-aeration to strip excess CO2 before alkali addition279
1
Alkaline reagents for mine water dosing280
3
Quantities of alkali needed for dosing283
3
Sedimentation286
1
Sedimentation to remove inert solids from suspension286
1
Sedimentation for removal of iron and other metals287
3
Further considerations in sedimentation basin design290
1
Limitations of the conventional ODAS approach291
1
Advanced ODAS methodologies292
3
Sulfidization and biodesalination
295
4
Principles of active sulfate reduction technology295
1
Varieties of sulfidization technology295
1
Biodesalination296
3
Sorption and ion exchange
299
1
Other active treatment processes
300
2
Sludge Management - A Key Issue in Mine Water Treatment
302
9
Sludge - a resource or a waste product?302
1
Waste sludges arising from mine water treatment303
1
General considerations303
1
Increasing sludge density304
7
Passive Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters
311
86
What is passive treatment?
311
3
A brief history of passive mine water treatment
314
1
Chemical and microbial basis for passive treatment
315
18
Scope of this section315
1
Removal of Fe in passive systems316
4
Removal of Al3+ in passive systems320
1
Removal of manganese in passive systems321
1
Generation of alkalinity in passive treatment systems322
2
Interaction of metal removal and acid neutralization processes324
2
Removal processes for other contaminants326
1
Rates of contaminant removal in passive systems: towards design criteria327
6
Passive treatment technologies
333
50
A typology of passive mine water treatment systems333
1
Inorganic media passive systems (IMPs)334
1
The concept of IMPs334
1
Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALDs)335
5
Oxic limestone drains (OLDs) and open-channel limestone reactors (OCLRs)340
3
Carbonate-based reactors for removal of Mn, Zn, Cd and As343
1
SCOOFI reactors344
5
Wetland-type passive systems349
1
General considerations349
1
Sedimentation ponds350
1
Aerobic Wetlands (Reed beds)350
15
Compost wetlands365
5
Reducing and alkalinity producing systems (RAPS)370
5
Subsurface-flow bacterial sulfate reduction systems (SFBs)375
1
In situ permeable reactive barriers (PRBs)375
6
Anaerobic reactors for surface mine water discharges381
2
Passive treatment process selection and staging
383
14
Principles383
2
Illustrative case studies385
1
Aerobic wetland treatment of a net-alkaline water contaminated with Fe385
2
Compost wetland treatment of an acidic, Al-rich waste rock pile leachate387
6
Use of RAPS and wetlands to treat an acidic discharge rich in Fe and Al393
4
Appendix I Glossary of mining and related terms relevant to mine water science and engineering
397
12
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