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Tables of Contents for Mine Water
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
Professor Rafael Fernandez Rubio
xi
Preface
xv
Mining and the Water Environment
1
64
Mining, society and the environment
1
2
Scope of this book
3
3
What's covered?
3
2
Who should read this book?
5
1
Beyond this book
5
1
Overview of mining and mine wastes
6
48
Purpose of overview
6
1
Deep mining
7
22
Surface mines
29
10
Hybrid mining methods
39
3
Mine wastes
42
12
Impacts of mining and mine waters on the water environment and infrastructure
54
8
Summary
62
3
Mine Water Chemistry
65
62
Sources of mine water contaminants and their natural attenuation
65
11
Mineral weathering as a source of mine water contamination
67
3
The weathering kinetics of pyrite and related sulfide minerals
70
3
Biological and chemical methods for pollution prevention
73
2
Mineral weathering as a source of natural attenuation
75
1
Contaminant mobility: pH as a master variable
76
1
Acidity, alkalinity and pH
76
22
Strong acids and bases: defining acidity and alkalinity
79
1
Weak acids: the CO2-H2O buffer system
80
5
Buffering mine water quality: the relation between acidity and pH
85
5
The proton condition: considering other weak acids in mine waters
90
5
Vestigial and juvenile acidity
95
2
The impact of biota on acidity and alkalinity
97
1
Assessing contamination loads
98
14
Methods for assessing the potential for contamination
99
3
Mineral weathering rates: a scaling problem
102
2
Relating mineral mass and weathering rates to evolution of discharge quality
104
2
Assessing the longevity of contamination
106
6
The geochemistry of metal ions in aquatic environments
112
15
Hydrolysis and solubility of metal ions
113
4
Adsorption of metal ions
117
10
Mine Water Hydrology
127
144
Hydrology and mining
127
1
Issues and processes in mine water hydrology
128
1
Mass continuity and hydrological fluxes
129
18
Mass continuity as the core paradigm in hydrology
129
1
Natural hydrological balances - the basic processes
130
6
Complete descriptions of flow processes: the basis for hydrological modelling
136
11
Hydrometry in mining environments
147
22
Definition of hydrometry
147
1
Hydrometeorological parameters
147
4
Flow gauging
151
8
Measuring ground water heads
159
6
Measuring ventilation water losses
165
4
Physical impacts of mineral extraction on natural hydrological systems
169
12
Excavation and fracturing
169
1
Impacts of excavation on surface water systems
170
6
Impacts of excavation on ground water systems
176
5
Water inflows to active workings
181
17
Seepages, drippers, feeders, inrushes and direct precipitation
181
6
Water make and mine water budgets
187
2
Deep mine water makes: some general observations
189
4
Mining beneath water bodies
193
1
Surface mine water makes: a question of stability
194
4
Dewatering techniques and their design
198
15
The necessity of dewatering
198
1
Sump dewatering
199
5
Adit dewatering
204
2
External dewatering
206
5
Geotechnical alternatives/aids to dewatering
211
2
Environmental impacts of dewatering and their mitigation
213
5
Dewatering impacts
213
3
Mitigation
216
2
Hydrological behaviour of waste rock piles, backfill and tailings dams
218
12
Waste rock piles (spoil heaps) and surface mine backfill
218
8
Tailings dams
226
4
Mine abandonment and rebound processes
230
18
Understanding mine water rebound: ponds and head-dependent inflows
230
9
Predictive modelling of mine water rebound
239
9
Abandoned mine hydrology after rebound is complete
248
12
Abandoned surface mines: pit lakes
248
5
Deep mine voids
253
1
The environmental impacts of abandoned mine discharges
254
3
The longevity of pollution from abandoned mines
257
3
Hydrological interventions in mine water remediation
260
11
Introduction
260
1
Passive prevention of pollutant release
260
8
Use of pumps in mine water control
268
3
Active Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters
271
40
What is active treatment?
271
3
Oxidation, dosing with alkali and sedimentation (ODAS)
274
21
Introduction
274
1
Oxidation
274
1
Purpose of oxidation in mine water treatment
274
1
Cascade aeration
275
1
Trickle filter aeration
275
1
In-line venturi aeration
275
2
Mechanical aeration
277
1
Biochemical oxidation by RBC
278
1
Chemical oxidation
278
1
Dosing with alkali
279
1
Rationale for dosing with alkali
279
1
Pre-aeration to strip excess CO2 before alkali addition
279
1
Alkaline reagents for mine water dosing
280
3
Quantities of alkali needed for dosing
283
3
Sedimentation
286
1
Sedimentation to remove inert solids from suspension
286
1
Sedimentation for removal of iron and other metals
287
3
Further considerations in sedimentation basin design
290
1
Limitations of the conventional ODAS approach
291
1
Advanced ODAS methodologies
292
3
Sulfidization and biodesalination
295
4
Principles of active sulfate reduction technology
295
1
Varieties of sulfidization technology
295
1
Biodesalination
296
3
Sorption and ion exchange
299
1
Membrane processes
300
1
Other active treatment processes
300
2
Sludge Management - A Key Issue in Mine Water Treatment
302
9
Sludge - a resource or a waste product?
302
1
Waste sludges arising from mine water treatment
303
1
General considerations
303
1
Increasing sludge density
304
7
Passive Treatment of Polluted Mine Waters
311
86
What is passive treatment?
311
3
A brief history of passive mine water treatment
314
1
Chemical and microbial basis for passive treatment
315
18
Scope of this section
315
1
Removal of Fe in passive systems
316
4
Removal of Al3+ in passive systems
320
1
Removal of manganese in passive systems
321
1
Generation of alkalinity in passive treatment systems
322
2
Interaction of metal removal and acid neutralization processes
324
2
Removal processes for other contaminants
326
1
Rates of contaminant removal in passive systems: towards design criteria
327
6
Passive treatment technologies
333
50
A typology of passive mine water treatment systems
333
1
Inorganic media passive systems (IMPs)
334
1
The concept of IMPs
334
1
Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALDs)
335
5
Oxic limestone drains (OLDs) and open-channel limestone reactors (OCLRs)
340
3
Carbonate-based reactors for removal of Mn, Zn, Cd and As
343
1
SCOOFI reactors
344
5
Wetland-type passive systems
349
1
General considerations
349
1
Sedimentation ponds
350
1
Aerobic Wetlands (Reed beds)
350
15
Compost wetlands
365
5
Reducing and alkalinity producing systems (RAPS)
370
5
Subsurface-flow bacterial sulfate reduction systems (SFBs)
375
1
In situ permeable reactive barriers (PRBs)
375
6
Anaerobic reactors for surface mine water discharges
381
2
Passive treatment process selection and staging
383
14
Principles
383
2
Illustrative case studies
385
1
Aerobic wetland treatment of a net-alkaline water contaminated with Fe
385
2
Compost wetland treatment of an acidic, Al-rich waste rock pile leachate
387
6
Use of RAPS and wetlands to treat an acidic discharge rich in Fe and Al
393
4
Appendix I Glossary of mining and related terms relevant to mine water science and engineering
397
12
References
409
26
Index
435
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