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Tables of Contents for Realities of Affirmative Action in Employment
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction
1
4
The Development of Affirmative Action in Employment
5
14
What is Affirmative Action in Employment?
5
2
What are the Types of Affirmative Action?
7
12
Discriminatory Employment Practices and Job Segregation: The Challenges of Affirmative Action
19
25
Job Segregation by Race and Sex
19
4
Employment Discrimination
23
2
Disparate Treatment and Disparate Outcomes
25
3
Employers' Reports of Employment Practices
28
4
Discriminatory Personnel Practices
32
5
The Costs of Segregation and Discrimination
37
1
Unemployment
38
1
Underemployment
39
1
Job Advancement
40
1
Earnings
41
2
Conclusion
43
1
The Effectiveness of Affirmative Action in Combatting Job Discrimination
44
16
Effects of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
46
3
Effects Among Government Workers
49
2
Comparisons of Affirmative-Action and Nonaffirmative-Action Employers
51
2
Declines in Occupational Segregation
53
1
Are Targets of Affirmative Action Adversely Affected?
54
5
Conclusion
59
1
What Makes Affirmative Action Work?
60
11
The Environment of Affirmative Action
60
2
Effective Affirmative Action Practices by Employers
62
4
Effective Affirmative Action Practices by Enforcement Agencies
66
3
Economic Conditions
69
1
Conclusion
69
2
The Effects of Affirmative Action on Other Stakeholders
71
14
Reverse Discrimination
71
4
Affirmative Action and American Commerce
75
4
Affirmative Action and Other Stakeholders
79
1
Affirmative Action, Meritocracy, and Fairness
80
1
Americans' Views of Affirmative Action
80
3
Conclusion
83
2
Conclusion and Policy Implications
85
10
What is Affirmative Action in the Employment Context?
85
2
Does Ongoing Discrimination Warrant Affirmative Action?
87
1
Is Affirmative Action Effective in Reducing Sex and Race Discrimination?
88
1
What Practices are Most Effective?
89
1
How Does Affirmative Action Affect Whites, Men, Commerce, and American Society?
90
2
Conclusion
92
3
Endnotes
95
4
References
99
20
About the Author
119
2
Workshop Participants
121