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Tables of Contents for Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
VOLUME1
Foreword
xi
2
Preface
xii
2
Contributors
xv
SECTION 1: THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT
3
18
1. Vacuum, Temperature, and Microgravity
3
8
Giovanni G. Fazio, Ph.D.
1.1 Introduction
3
1
1.2 "Empty Space": The Nature of the Space Vacuum
3
2
1.3 Hot and Cold: The Temperature Extremes of Space
5
3
1.4 A Gravity-Free Environment
8
1
1.5 References
9
2
2. Radiation Biology
11
10
John R. Letaw Ph. D.
2.1 Introduction
11
1
2.2 Sources of Radiation in Space
11
1
2.3 Radiation Transport
12
1
2.4 The Concept of Radiation Dose
13
1
2.5 Comparison of Terrestrial and Space Radiation Backgrounds
14
1
2.6 Radiation Effects
14
1
2.7 Terrestrial Radiation Protection
15
1
2.8 Space Radiation Protection
15
1
2.9 Mitigation Options
16
1
2.10 Summary
17
1
2.11 References
17
4
SECTION II: RESPONSE OF LIVING SYSTEMS TO SPACEFLIGHT
21
1158
3. Cellular Responses to Spaceflight
21
20
Marian L. Lewis, Ph. D.
Millie Hughes-Fulford, Ph. D.
3.1 Introduction
21
1
3.2 Biophysical Properties of Cells Which May Be Affected by Microgravity
21
1
3.3 Responses of Prokaryotes to Microgravity
22
2
3.4 Responses of Simple Eukaryotic Cells to Microgravity
24
1
3.5 Microgravity Effects on Mammalian Cells
25
5
3.6 Response of Amphibian Cells
30
1
3.7 Plant Cell Responses in Microgravity
31
1
3.8 In Vivo Cellular Responses in Animals Flown in Microgravity
32
3
3.9 Future Cell Biology Experiments
35
1
3.10 Acknowledgments
36
1
3.11 References
36
5
4. Response of the Cardiovascular System to Spaceflight
41
24
Susanne E. Churchill, Ph. D.
Michael W. Bungo, M. D.
4.1 Introduction
41
1
4.2 Historical Perspective
41
3
4.3 Problems with Return
44
6
4.4 Initial Response to Spaceflight
50
1
4.5 Cephalad Fluid Shift
50
2
4.6 Cardiovascular Dynamics
52
2
4.7 Renal Response to Fluid Shifting
54
2
4.8 Response to Prolonged Spaceflight
56
2
4.9 Other Effects
58
1
4.10 Reduction in Red Blood Cell Mass
58
1
4.11 Countemeasures
59
1
4.12 Summary
60
1
4.13 References
60
5
5. Response of the Neurovestibular System to Spaceflight
65
18
Corinna E. Lathan, Ph. D.
Gilles Clement, Ph. D.
5.1 Introduction
65
1
5.2 Anatomy and Physiology
65
3
5.3 End Organ Response to Sapaceflight
68
1
5.4 Spatial Orientation
68
4
5.5 Posture and Equilibrium
72
2
5.6 Gaze Stabilization
74
3
5.7 Space Motion Sickness
77
1
5.8 Summary
78
1
5.9 Acknowledgements
79
1
5.10 References
79
4
6. Response of the Skeletal System to Spaceflight
83
22
Christopher E. Cann, Ph. D.
6.1 Introduction
83
1
6.2 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
83
3
6.3 Bone Homeostasis
86
5
6.4 Calcium Homeostasis
91
1
6.5 The Stimulus for Study of Microgravity-Induced Bone Changes
91
7
6.6 What We Know and Do Not Know: Models and Proposed Research
98
1
6.7 Possible Effects of Microgravity
99
2
6.8 Summary
101
1
6.9 References
101
4
7. Response of Skeletal Muscle to Spaceflight
105
16
V. Reggie Edgerton, Ph. D.
Roland R. Roy, Ph. D.
7.1 Physiological Consequences of Spaceflight on Skeletal Muscle
105
4
7.2 Coordination of Movement During and Following Spaceflight
109
5
7.3 Pathological Effects Associated with Spaceflight or Return to 1 G
114
1
7.4 Prevention and Recovery from Spaceflight Effects
115
1
7.5 Acknowledgments
115
1
7.6 References
115
2
7.7 Additional Readings
117
4
8. Response of the Immune System to Spaceflight
121
10
David H. Sherr, Ph. D.
Gerald Sonnenfeld, Ph. D.
8.1 Introduction
121
1
8.2 The Immune Network
121
2
8.3 The Effects of Hypergravity on In Vitro Immune Responses
123
1
8.4 The Effects of Hypergravity on In Vivo Immune Responses
124
1
8.5 The Effects of Spaceflight on In Vitro Immune Responses
124
1
8.6 The Effects of Spaceflight on In Vivo Immune Responses
125
2
8.7 Interpretations and Caveats
127
1
8.8 References
128
3
9. Response of the Respiratory System to Spaceflight
131
4
Ludwig A. Engel, M. D.
Harold J. B. Guy, M. D.
9.1 Basic Anatomy
131
1
9.2 Basic Physiology
131
1
9.3 Defense Mechanisms
132
1
9.4 Effect of Gravity on Gas Exchange in the Lung
132
1
9.5 Lung Volume and Chest Wall Configuration
133
1
9.6 Other Observations During Manned Spaceflights
134
1
9.7 References
134
1
10. Food and Nutrition During Spaceflight
135
14
Robert W. Phillips, D. V. M., Ph. D.
10.1 Introduction
135
1
10.2 Diet
135
2
10.3 Food Intake
137
1
10.4 Nutrition
138
6
10.5 Space Station
144
1
10.6 Space Colonies
145
1
10.7 References
145
4
11. Operational Medicine and Health Care Delivery
149
10
James S. Logan, M. D.
11.1 Introduction
149
1
11.2 Health Stabilzation Program
149
1
11.3 Inflight Medical Capabilities
150
1
11.4 Physiologic Countermeasures
151
1
11.5 Environmental Monitoring
152
1
11.6 Rescue and Recovery
153
1
11.7 Radiation Enviroment
154
1
11.8 lonizing Radiation Characteristics and Health Effects
155
1
11.9 Radiation Dose Measurements, Standards, and Terminology
155
1
11.10 Space Radiation Exposure Limits
155
1
11.11 Operational Considerations Concerning Radiation
156
1
11.12 Conclusions
156
1
11.13 References
157
2
12. Countermeasures and Artificial Gravity
159
20
Peter H Diamandis, M.D.
12.1 Introduction
159
1
12.2 Countermeasures
159
3
12.3 Artificial Gravity
162
1
12.4 Medical and Scientific Rationale for Artifical Gravity
163
1
12.5 The Physics of Rotating Habitats
164
2
12.6 Limitations for Rotating Habitats
166
1
12.7 The Question of Adaptation
167
2
12.8 A Review of the Rockwell Rotational Test Facility
169
1
12.9 Proposed Experiments to Investigate Artificial Gravity
170
1
12.10 Conclusions
171
1
12.11 References
172
7
Index
1-1
VOLUME 2
Contributors
xi
SECTION III: PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES OF SPACEFLIGHT
179
80
13. The Experience of Spaceflight: Personal Insights
179
8
Byron Lichtenberg, Sc.D.
13.1 Introduction
179
1
13.2 Selection
179
2
13.3 Training
181
1
13.4 In-Orbit Operations
181
3
13.5 Habitability
184
1
13.6 Reentry and Readaptation to 1 G
184
1
13.7 Conclusions
185
1
13.8 Acknowledgment
185
1
13.9 References
185
2
14. Behavior and Performance in the Space Environment
187
16
Patricia A. Santy,M.D.,M.S.
14.1 Introduction: The Human Challenges of Space Exploration
187
1
14.2 A Model of Human Performance for the Space Environment
188
2
14.3 Human Interactions in Space
190
10
14.4 Summary: Goals for Research and Operations
200
1
14.5 References
200
3
15. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Performance
203
18
Claudio Stampi,M.D.
15.1 Introduction
203
1
15.2 The Human Circadian Timing System
203
2
15.3 The Sleep-Wake Cycle
205
1
15.4 Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Performance in Space
206
8
15.5 A Summary: Factors Affecting Sleep and Performance in Space
214
1
15.6 Challenges for Present and Future Missions
215
2
15.7 Acknowledgments
217
1
15.8 References
217
4
16. Human Factors and Habitability Issuse for the Desing of Space Habitats
221
26
Francesco Brunelli, M.D.
16.1 Introduction
221
1
16.2 Generalities and Definitions
221
7
16.3 Human Factors and Habitability Issues
228
1
16.4 Summary of Basic Habitability Factors
228
1
16.5 General Weightlessness Design Considerations
229
5
16.6 Spaceflight Behavioral Aspects for Design Considerations
234
1
16.7 Living Space Design Considerations
235
5
16.8 Working Space Design Considerations
240
3
16.9 Conclusions and Summary of Requirements
243
1
16.10 Raferences
244
1
16.11 Additional Readings
245
2
17. Will Space Change Humanity?
247
12
Ben Finney, Ph.D.
17.1 Introduction
247
1
17.2 Human Evolution and Global Expansion
248
2
17.3 The Exploning Animal
250
1
17.4 The Colonization of the Solar System
251
1
17.5 Interstellar Migration
252
2
17.6 References
254
5
SECTION IV: LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
259
18. Introduction to Life Support Systems
259
8
William J. Crump, M.D.
Daniel Scott Janik, M.D.
18.1 Introduction
259
1
18.2 Definition
259
1
18.3 Types of Life Support
259
1
18.4 An Applied Classification
260
1
18.5 Special Construction Considerations
261
3
18.6 Developmental Consideratios
264
1
18.7 Conclusions
265
1
18.8 Suggested Reading
265
2
19. Issues and Solutions for Short-Duration Flights: A Historical Perspective on Physiochemical Systems
267
20
Wiliam J. Crump, M.D.
19.1 Introduction
267
1
19.2 Atmosphere Control
267
10
19.3 Trace Contaminant Control
277
1
19.4 Water Management
278
6
19.5 Solid Waste Mangement
284
1
19.6 Technology Integration
285
1
19.7 Acknowledgments
285
1
19.8 References
285
2
20. Microbiological Issues of Space Life Support Systems
287
28
Melvin V. Kilgore, Jr. M.S.
Alfred T. Mikell, Jr., Ph.D.
Duaane L. Pierson, Ph.D.
20.1 Introduction
287
2
20.2 Characteristics of Microorganisms
289
4
20.3 Relevance of Microorganisms in Closed Environments
293
4
20.4 Contamination
297
4
20.5 Microbial Control and Management
301
8
20.6 Monitoring
309
1
20.7 Summary
310
1
20.8 Acknowledgments
311
1
20.9 References
311
4
21. Bioregenerative Life Support for Space Habitation and Extended Planetary Missions
315
22
Mark Nelson
21.1 Introduction
315
1
21.2 Terminology of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems
315
2
21.3 Tools for Understanding Our Globl Biosphere and Creating Environmental Spin-Off Technologies
317
1
21.4 Calculations of Life Support Quantities
318
1
21.5 Laboratory Ecosphere Reserch
318
1
21.6 Algae-Baased Systems
319
1
21.7 Higher Plants in Life Support Systems
320
1
21.8 NASA CELSS Program
320
1
21.9 NASA Waste Processing, Air and Water Recycling Research
321
2
21.10 Japanese and Europeaan Research In Bioregenertive Systems
232
1
21.11 U.S.S.R. Bios Series of Experiments
324
2
21.12 Biosphere 2 Test Module Research
326
3
21.13 Biospheric Systems
329
5
21.14 Bioregenerative Life Support in the Changing Framework of Space Development
334
1
21.15 References
335
2
22. Life Support and Performance Issues for Extravehicular Activity
337
Dave Newman, Ph.D.
Michael Barrtt, M.D.
22.1 Introduction
337
1
22.2 Historical Bacground
337
4
22.3 Space Suit Design
341
11
22.4 Physiological and Medical Aspects of EVA
352
3
22.5 Decompression Disorders in the Context of EVA
355
5
22.6 Conclusions
360
1
22.7 Appendix A: Prebreathe Procedures
361
1
22.8 Acknowledgments
362
1
22.9 References
362
Index
I-1