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Tables of Contents for An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
ix
List of Figures
xi
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgments
xv
Introduction
1
8
Background
1
2
Perspectives on Developing the Data
3
2
Data gathering and the timeliness of the book
3
1
Resourcing the project: funds and personnel
4
1
Urban Data Collection: Possible Futures
5
1
Focus of the Book
6
1
Structure of the Book
7
2
International Urban Data Collection: A Methodological Review
9
44
Introduction
9
1
Data Structure and Approaches to Urban Data Assembly
10
5
Overall structure of the data
10
1
Achieving data comparability
11
2
Readily available data
13
1
Data requiring adaptation
14
1
Modelled data
14
1
Non-comparable data
14
1
The Indicators Covered by the Original Newman and Kenworthy Dataset: An Overview
15
3
Population and area
15
1
Employment and its location
16
1
Parking supply in the central business district (CBD)
16
1
Road network length
17
1
Motor vehicles on register
17
1
Journey-to-work characteristics
17
1
Private transportation performance and energy use
18
1
Public transportation performance and energy use
18
1
The Cities
18
3
The Special Indicators on the Economy and Environment of Cities
21
5
Indicators of transportation efficiency in 37 global cities
21
1
Items developing out of data included in the original set of data in Cities and Automobile Dependence (Items 1 to 4)
22
1
Items describing environmental amenity and other external costs (Items 5 and 6)
22
1
Economic indicators (Items 7 to 9)
22
1
Condition of road infrastructure (Item 10)
23
1
Methodology used to provide the additional indicators: An overview
23
1
Mode split for the journey-to-work
23
1
Energy efficiency by mode of transportation
23
1
Journey-to-work trip length
24
1
Journey-to-work trip time
24
1
Transportation deaths
24
1
Transportation emissions
24
1
Road expenditure
24
1
Percentage of GRP spent on the journey-to-work
24
1
Public transportation cost recovery
25
1
Data Definitions, Standards and Problems
26
25
Territorial boundaries
26
1
Metropolitan area
26
1
Introduction
26
1
Overview of national data
26
1
Individual city definitions
27
5
Inner city
32
3
Central Business District (CBD)
35
2
Outer area
37
1
Population and area data
38
1
Population
38
1
Urbanised area
38
1
Employment data
38
1
Parking supply in the central business district
39
1
Road network
40
1
Motor vehicles on register
40
1
Private transportation indicators
41
1
Vehicle Kilometres Travelled
41
1
Average Occupancy
42
1
Average Road Network Speed
43
1
Transportation energy use
43
1
Modal split for the journey-to-work
43
1
Average trip lengths
44
1
Public transportation indicators
45
1
Vehicle kilometeres
45
1
Passenger trips
45
1
Average trip length or passenger kilometres
45
1
Average speed
46
1
Energy consumption
46
1
Journey-to-work travel time
46
1
Primary data required for the items describing aspects of environmental amenity
47
1
Total deaths
47
1
Total deaths from transportation causes
47
1
CO2 emissions from transportation
47
2
Other air pollutant emissions from transportation
49
1
Economic indicators
49
1
Currency conversion factors
49
1
Road expenditure
50
1
Capital and variable cost of driving
50
1
Public transportation finances
50
1
Gross regional product
51
1
Cost of travel time
51
1
Conclusion
51
2
Land use, Transportation and Energy in 46 International cities: Primary Data and Maps
53
362
Chapter Overview
53
3
The data
53
2
The maps
55
1
A Final Word on The Primary Data
56
1
Primary Data and Maps for the 46 Cities
57
358
Adelaide
59
8
Amsterdam
67
8
Bangkok
75
8
Boston
83
8
Brisbane
91
8
Brussels
99
8
Calgary
107
8
Canberra
115
6
Chicago
121
8
Copenhagen
129
8
Denver
137
6
Detroit
143
6
Edmonton
149
6
Frankfurt
155
8
Hamburg
163
8
Hong Kong
171
8
Houston
179
6
Jakarta
185
8
Kuala Lumpur
193
8
London
201
8
Los Angeles
209
6
Manila
215
8
Melbourne
223
8
Montreal
231
10
Munich
241
8
New York
249
10
Ottawa
259
8
Paris
267
8
Perth
275
8
Phoenix
283
6
Portland
289
8
Sacramento
297
8
San Diego
305
8
San Francisco
313
8
Seoul
321
8
Singapore
329
8
Stockholm
337
10
Surabaya
347
6
Sydney
353
8
Tokyo
361
8
Toronto
369
8
Vancouver
377
8
Vienna
385
8
Washington
393
8
Winnipeg
401
6
Zurich
407
8
Land Use, Transportation and Energy in 46 International Cities: Standardised Data
415
112
Chapter Overview
415
4
Introduction
415
1
The standardised data
416
1
Urban form
416
1
Private transportation
416
1
Public transportation
417
1
Summary
418
1
Standardised Data for the 46 Cities
419
108
Adelaide
421
2
Amsterdam
423
2
Bangkok
425
4
Boston
429
2
Brisbane
431
2
Brussels
433
2
Calgary
435
2
Canberra
437
2
Chicago
439
2
Copenhagen
441
2
Denver
443
2
Detroit
445
2
Edmonton
447
2
Frankfurt
449
2
Hamburg
451
2
Hong Kong
453
2
Houston
455
2
Jakarta
457
4
Kuala Lumpur
461
4
London
465
2
Los Angeles
467
2
Manila
469
4
Melbourne
473
2
Montreal
475
2
Munich
477
2
New York
479
2
Ottawa
481
2
Paris
483
2
Perth
485
2
Phoenix
487
2
Portland
489
2
Sacramento
491
2
San Diego
493
2
San Francisco
495
2
Seoul
497
4
Singapore
501
2
Stockholm
503
4
Surabaya
507
4
Sydney
511
2
Tokyo
513
2
Toronto
515
2
Vancouver
517
2
Vienna
519
2
Washington
521
2
Winnipeg
523
2
Zurich
525
2
Automobile Dependence in 46 International Cities: An Overview of the Results
527
70
Introduction
527
1
Transportation Patterns
528
12
Preamble
528
1
Vehicle ownership and use
528
4
Modal split for the journey-to-work
532
1
Private passenger transportation energy use
533
3
Public transportation service and use
536
4
Transportation Infrastructure Patterns
540
7
Road infrastructure provision
541
2
Rail infrastructure provision
543
1
Roads versus transit provision
544
1
Parking provision in the CBD
544
2
Congestion and travel speeds
546
1
Urban Form Patterns
547
22
Metropolitan density
547
3
Metropolitan employment density
550
3
Central city population density
553
1
Inner area population density
554
3
Outer area population density
557
1
Job densities-CBD to outer outer areas
557
3
The significance of the CBDs and inner areas in the global sample of cities
560
1
CBD population
560
1
Inner area population
560
2
CBD and inner area employment
562
2
Activity intensity
564
4
Trends data: A summary
568
1
Clustering the Cities According to Automobile Dependence
569
3
Correlation Analyses
572
17
Introduction
572
1
Specifying the correlations
572
7
Correlations with urban structure
579
1
Urban form and private transportation/energy variables
580
1
Urban form and transportation infrastructure/congestion
581
1
Urban form and public transportation
581
1
Correlations between the transportation characteristics and energy
582
1
Interrelationships among the private transportation variables
582
2
Correlations between private transportation and energy variables
584
1
Correlations between private transporation and public transportation
584
1
Intercorrelations between the energy variables and between the energy and public transportation variables
584
1
Intercorrelations between the public transportation variables
585
1
Summary of correlation analyses: Causality between variables
586
1
Spurious correlation
586
3
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
589
8
Broad global patterns of automobile dependence
589
2
Trends in transportation, 1980 to 1990
591
2
Trends in land use, 1980 to 1990
593
2
Closing remark: A ``science of cities'' and public policy towards the automobile
595
2
An International Overview of some Economic and Environmental Implications of Urban Transportation
597
42
Introduction
597
1
Energy Use by Mode of Transportation
598
6
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
602
2
Air Pollution and Transportation Fatalities
604
5
Smog emissions
605
2
Transportation deaths
607
2
Characteristics of the Journey-to-Work
609
5
Journey-to-work trip distance, time and average speed
609
1
Journey-to-work trip distance
609
3
Journey-to-work trip time
612
1
Journey-to work trip speed
612
1
Modal split for the journey-to-work
613
1
Economic Indicators of Urban Transportation
614
13
Explanatory notes
614
1
Car use, the costs of travel and the wealth of cities
615
5
Road expenditure
620
2
The proportion of a city's wealth spent on commuting
622
2
Transit operating cost recovery
624
1
The cost of bikes, travel time and transit
625
2
Correlation Analyses
627
8
Urban form, transportation economics and environmental externalities
628
1
Urban density and the cost of transit
628
1
Urban density and the cost of transportation overall
629
1
Urban density and road expenditure
629
1
Urban density and air pollution
629
1
Urban density and transportation deaths
629
1
Other urban form correlations
630
1
Urban transportation economics, transportation patterns, energy use, and environmental externalities
630
1
Public transportation cost correlated with other factors
630
1
Gross regional product's correlations with other factors
630
3
Road spending's correlation with other factors
633
1
Private transportation and the environment
633
1
Air pollution correlations
633
1
Transportation death correlations
634
1
Transportation energy use and the environment
634
1
Public transportation and the environment
634
1
Correlations among the environment variables
635
1
Conclusions
635
4
Conclusions
639
4
What future for international comparative urban research
639
3
Concluding remarks
642
1
References
643
6
Appendix 1 Rail Infrastructure Data
649
2
Appendix 2 Data Sources
651