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Tables of Contents for Psychology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
About the Author
xi
Acknowledgements
xii
Preface
xiii
What Is Psychology?
2
12
Diversity of psychology
3
2
Methods in psychology
5
1
``Psychology is just common sense''
6
1
Studying psychology
7
5
Personal reflections
12
1
Summary
12
1
Further reading
13
1
Approaches to Psychology
14
28
The psychodynamic approach
16
6
The behaviourist approach
22
5
The humanist approach
27
3
The cognitive approach
30
3
Free will versus determinism
33
2
Reductionism
35
4
Personal reflections
39
1
Summary
39
2
Further reading
41
1
Revision questions
41
1
The Nervous System
42
26
Nervous system
43
6
Endocrine system
49
2
Influences of the three systems
51
2
Neural and synaptic activity
53
4
Drugs and behaviour
57
8
Personal reflections
65
1
Summary
66
1
Further reading
67
1
Revision questions
67
1
Cortical Functions
68
28
Non-invasive techniques
69
5
Invasive techniques
74
2
Localisation of function
76
3
Hemisphere asymmetries
79
7
Structure and processes of visual perception
86
5
Colour vision
91
3
Personal reflections
94
1
Summary
94
1
Further reading
95
1
Revision questions
95
1
Awareness
96
30
Bodily rhythms
97
5
Sleep
102
3
Theories of sleep
105
3
Dreaming
108
4
Consciousness
112
4
Hypnosis
116
7
Personal reflections
123
1
Summary
123
2
Further reading
125
1
Revision questions
125
1
Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
126
32
Motivation
127
5
Theories of motivation
132
5
Emotion
137
3
Theories of emotion
140
5
Stress
145
6
Methods of reducing stress
151
4
Personal reflections
155
1
Summary
155
2
Further reading
157
1
Revision questions
157
1
Evolution and Behaviour
158
22
Evolution of behaviour
159
8
Competition for resources
167
5
Predator--prey relationships
172
4
Symbiotic relationships
176
2
Personal reflections
178
1
Summary
178
1
Further reading
179
1
Revision questions
179
1
Reproductive Strategies
180
24
Sexual reproduction and parental investment
181
4
Sexual selection
185
6
Mating systems and parental care
191
5
Parent--offspring conflict
196
5
Personal reflections
201
1
Summary
201
2
Further reading
203
1
Revision questions
203
1
Kinship and Social Behaviour
204
24
Altruism
205
7
Sociality
212
5
Imprinting
217
1
Bonding
218
1
Signalling systems and communication
219
6
Personal reflections
225
1
Summary
225
2
Further reading
227
1
Revision questions
227
1
Behaviour Analysis
228
30
Classical conditioning
229
3
Operant conditioning
232
6
Foraging
238
3
Homing and migration
241
4
Animal language
245
4
Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour
249
6
Personal reflections
255
1
Summary
255
2
Further reading
257
1
Revision questions
257
1
Perceptual Processes
258
32
Perceptual development
259
5
Perceptual organisation
264
4
Space or depth perception
268
2
Visual constancies
270
2
Pattern recognition
272
4
Theories of perception
276
8
Individual, social, and cultural variations
284
3
Personal reflections
287
1
Summary
287
2
Further reading
289
1
Revision questions
289
1
Attention and Performance
290
24
Focused auditory attention
292
5
Focused visual attention
297
3
Divided attention
300
4
Automatic processing
304
4
Action slips
308
3
Personal reflections
311
1
Summary
312
1
Further reading
313
1
Revision questions
313
1
Human Memory
314
30
Memory stores
316
3
Working memory
319
2
Memory processes
321
2
Long-term memory
323
3
Organisation of information in long-term memory
326
5
Why do we forget?
331
5
Practical applications
336
6
Personal reflections
342
1
Summary
342
1
Further reading
343
1
Revision questions
343
1
Language and Thought
344
36
Language acquisition
345
7
Language comprehension
352
4
Language production
356
6
Reasoning
362
6
Decision making and judgement
368
4
Language and thought
372
5
Personal reflections
377
1
Summary
378
1
Further reading
379
1
Revision questions
379
1
Early Socialisation
380
28
Sociability
381
4
Attachment
385
6
Effects of deprivation
391
4
Enrichment
395
5
Cross-cultural differences in child rearing
400
5
Personal reflections
405
1
Summary
406
1
Further reading
407
1
Revision questions
407
1
Cognitive Development
408
30
Piaget's theory
409
10
Vygotsky's theory
419
3
Information-processing approach
422
3
Practical applications to education
425
5
Development of intelligence-test performance
430
6
Personal reflections
436
1
Summary
436
1
Further reading
437
1
Revision questions
437
1
Social Behaviour in Development
438
30
Moral development
439
10
Gender development
449
9
Development of the self
458
8
Personal reflections
466
1
Summary
466
1
Further reading
467
1
Revision questions
467
1
Adolescence, Adulthood, and Old Age
468
26
Adolescence
469
6
Personality change in adulthood
475
5
Adjustment to old age
480
5
Life events in adulthood
485
6
Personal reflections
491
1
Summary
491
2
Further reading
493
1
Revision questions
493
1
Social Cognition
494
28
Theories of social cognition
495
6
Attribution theory
501
6
Prejudice and discrimination
507
1
Stereotypes
508
3
Theories of prejudice
511
5
Reduction of prejudice and discrimination
516
3
Personal reflections
519
1
Summary
520
1
Further reading
521
1
Revision questions
521
1
Social Relationships
522
32
Liking and loving
523
2
Theories of interpersonal relationships
525
5
Formation of interpersonal relationships
530
4
Maintenance of relationships
534
3
Dissolution of relationships
537
4
Components of interpersonal relationships
541
2
Post-modern approach
543
1
Individual, social, and cultural variations
544
4
Effects of interpersonal relationships
548
4
Personal reflections
552
1
Summary
552
1
Further reading
553
1
Revision questions
553
1
Social Influence
554
30
Conformity
555
6
Obedience to authority
561
4
Independent behaviour
565
2
Social power
567
2
Leadership
569
6
Collective behaviour
575
6
Personal reflections
581
1
Summary
582
1
Further reading
583
1
Revision questions
583
1
Pro- and Anti-social Behaviour
584
30
Altruism and empathy
586
6
Bystander intervention
592
5
Aggression
597
8
Reducing and controlling aggressive behaviour
605
3
Media influences on behaviour
608
3
Personal reflections
611
1
Summary
611
2
Further reading
613
1
Revision questions
613
1
Atypical Development
614
26
Learning difficulties
616
5
Physical and sensory impairments
621
7
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
628
3
Autism
631
4
Developmental dyslexia
635
3
Personal reflections
638
1
Summary
638
1
Further reading
639
1
Revision questions
639
1
Models of Abnormality
640
30
What is abnormality?
641
4
Should we classify?
645
3
Classification systems
648
4
Models of abnormality
652
9
Cultural and subcultural differences
661
7
Personal reflections
668
1
Summary
668
1
Further reading
669
1
Revision questions
669
1
Psychopathology
670
34
Causal factors
671
1
Types of disorder
672
1
Schizophrenia
672
6
Depression
678
6
Phobias
684
7
Post-traumatic stress disorder
691
4
Eating disorders
695
6
Personal reflections
701
1
Summary
702
1
Further reading
703
1
Revision questions
703
1
Therapeutic Approaches
704
32
Psychodynamic therapy
705
3
Somatic therapy
708
5
Humanistic therapy
713
1
Behaviour therapy
714
4
Cognitive therapy
718
2
Cognitive-behavioural therapy
720
1
Effectiveness of therapy
720
8
Ethical issues in therapy
728
5
Personal reflections
733
1
Summary
734
1
Further reading
735
1
Revision questions
735
1
Individual Differences
736
22
Intelligence testing
737
7
Personality testing
744
6
Trait theories of personality
750
5
Personal reflections
755
1
Summary
756
1
Further reading
757
1
Revision questions
757
1
Controversies in Psychology
758
26
Advertising, propaganda, and psychological warfare
759
11
Is psychology a science?
770
7
Cultural diversity and bias
777
2
Gender and bias
779
3
Personal reflections
782
1
Summary
782
1
Further reading
783
1
Revision questions
783
1
Ethical Issues
784
28
Use of human participants
785
8
Use of animals
793
8
Socially sensitive research
801
3
Socially sensitive research areas
804
3
Personal reflections
807
1
Summary
808
1
Further reading
809
1
Revision questions
809
1
Ethical principles for conducting research with human participants
810
2
Psychological Enquiry
812
20
Experimental method
813
5
Quasi-experiments
818
2
Correlational studies
820
2
Naturalistic observation
822
2
Case studies
824
2
Interviews
826
2
Discourse analysis
828
2
Personal reflections
830
1
Summary
830
1
Further reading
831
1
Revision questions
831
1
Design of Investigations
832
24
Aims and hypotheses
833
3
Selecting participants
836
2
Good practice in experimentation
838
2
Experimental designs
840
2
Good practice in non-experimental designs
842
5
Problems with experimental research
847
3
General issues in investigations
850
4
Personal reflections
854
1
Summary
854
1
Further reading
855
1
Revision questions
855
1
Data Analysis
856
32
Qualitative analysis of data
857
2
Interpretation of interviews, case studies, and observations
859
3
Content analysis
862
2
Quantitative analysis: Descriptive statistics
864
4
Data presentation
868
2
Statistical tests
870
11
Issues of experimental and ecological validity
881
2
Writing up a practical
883
2
Personal reflections
885
1
Summary
885
1
Further reading
886
1
Revision questions
887
1
Appendices
888
9
How to decide which test to use
889
1
How to use the tables
890
1
Tips
890
2
Appendix 1: Mann-Whitney U test
892
2
Appendix 2: Sign test
894
1
Appendix 3: Wilcoxon signed ranks test
894
1
Appendix 4: Spearman's rho test
895
1
Appendix 5: Chi-squared test
896
1
References
897
48
Author Index
945
17
Subject Index
962
15
Illustration Credits
977