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Tables of Contents for Entropy Generation Minimization
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Symbols
xix
Thermodynamic concepts and laws
1
20
Definitions
1
1
Closed systems
2
4
Open systems
6
7
The momentum theorem
13
1
Useful steps in problem solving
14
1
The temperature - energy interaction diagram and the entropy interaction - energy interaction diagr
15
6
References
16
1
Problems
16
5
Entropy generation and exergy destruction
21
26
The Gouy-Stodola theorem
21
3
Systems communicating with more than one heat reservoir
24
3
Adiabatic systems
27
2
Exergy analysis of steady flow processes
29
3
Exergy analysis of nonflow processes
32
3
Characteristic features of irreversible systems and processes
35
12
Heat transfer across a finite temperature difference
35
1
Flow with friction
36
1
Mixing
37
3
Further examples of irreversible features
40
1
References
41
1
Problems
42
5
Entropy generation in fluid flow
47
24
Relationship between entropy generation and viscous dissipation
47
2
Laminar flow
49
1
Turbulent flow
50
7
The transition
57
2
Buckling theory of turbulent flow
59
2
Entropy generation in ``isothermal'' turbulent flow
61
8
Two-dimensional turbulent jet
61
2
First law of thermodynamics
63
3
Second law of thermodynamics
66
3
The Bernoulli equation
69
2
References
69
2
Entropy generation in heat transfer
71
42
Local rate of entropy generation in convective heat transfer
72
3
Fluid friction vs. heat transfer irreversibility
75
3
Internal flows
78
4
External flows
82
9
Total rate of entropy generation
83
2
Flat plate
85
4
Cylinder in cross-flow
89
1
Sphere
90
1
Conduction heat transfer
91
1
Convective mass transfer
91
1
General heat-exchanger passage
92
3
Heat transfer augmentation techniques
95
18
Entropy generation analysis
95
2
Roughened surfaces
97
4
Promoters of swirl flow
101
3
Extended surfaces (fins)
104
5
References
109
2
Problems
111
2
Heat exchangers
113
42
Counterflow heat exchangers
113
11
Flow imbalance (remanent) irreversibility
113
2
Balanced counterflow
115
4
Optimal flow path length
119
1
Heat transfer area constraint
119
2
Volume constraint
121
1
Combined area and volume constraint
122
1
Ntu constraint
122
2
Heat exchangers with negligible pressure-drop irreversibility
124
2
Three-part structure of heat exchanger irreversibility
126
4
Two-phase flow heat exchangers
130
3
Other heat exchanger entropy generation studies
133
6
Distribution of finite heat exchanger area on the absolute temperature scale
139
6
Distribution of finite heat transfer area in counterflow heat exchangers
145
10
References
148
2
Problems
150
5
Insulation systems
155
16
Power plants and refrigeration plants as insulation systems
155
1
Generation of entropy in an insulation with fixed geometry
156
3
Optimal continuous cooling regime
159
2
Counterflow heat exchangers as one-dimensional insulations
161
2
Parallel insulations
163
3
Intermediate cooling or heating of insulation systems for power and refrigeration plants
166
5
References
168
1
Problems
168
3
Storage systems
171
34
Sensible heat storage
171
12
Time-dependent operation of a storage unit
171
2
Entropy generation during the storage process
173
4
Effect of pressure drop
177
1
Series of storage units
178
2
Single storage unit: storage followed by removal of exergy
180
3
Optimal heating and cooling processes subject to time constraint
183
3
Hot storage vs. cold storage
186
2
Latent heat storage
188
17
Single storage element
188
4
Two phase-change materials in series
192
4
Infinite number of phase-change materials in series
196
3
More advanced phase-change storage models
199
2
References
201
4
Power generation
205
44
Model with bypass heat leak and two finite-size heat exchangers
205
10
Optimal heat exchanger temperature differences
205
4
Optimal allocation of heat exchanger inventory
209
2
Trade off between heat exchanger inventory and thermal insulation
211
2
Graphic representation of the thermodynamic optimum
213
2
Power plant viewed as an insulation between heat source and ambient
215
3
Optimal distribution of heat leak through the insulation
215
2
Optimal heat source temperature
217
1
Combined-cycle power plant
218
3
Optimal combustion chamber temperature
221
3
Other power plant optimization studies
224
3
Why maximum power means minimum entropy generation rate
227
5
Chambadal's power plant model
227
2
Novikov's and Curzon and Ahlborn's power plant model
229
2
The ``room to move'' entropy generation rate
231
1
Maximum power from fluid flow
232
17
Fluid flow between two pressure reservoirs
232
2
Efficiency at maximum power
234
1
Overall size constraints
235
2
Nonlinear flow resistance relations
237
1
Applications to steady-flow shaft-work components
238
1
References
239
4
Problems
243
6
Solar-thermal power generation
249
30
Models with collector heat loss to the ambient
249
7
Convective heat loss
249
2
Maximum power or minimum entropy generation rate
251
2
Optimal collector temperature
253
1
Combined convective and radiative heat loss
254
2
Collector-ambient heat loss and collector-engine heat exchanger
256
1
Collector-ambient heat loss and engine-ambient heat exchanger
256
3
Storage by melting
259
3
Extraterrestrial solar power plant
262
2
Nonisothermal collectors
264
3
Time-varying conditions
267
4
Other areas of solar power conversion study
271
8
References
272
2
Problems
274
5
Refrigeration
279
40
Refrigeration plant model with heat transfer irreversibilities
279
7
Heat leak, cold end heat exchanger, and room temperature heat exchanger
279
3
Optimal allocation of heat exchange equipment
282
1
Efficiency at maximum refrigeration load and fixed total heat transfer inventory
282
4
Model with heat leak in parallel with reversible compartment
286
3
Model with cold-end heat exchanger and room temperature heat exchanger
289
5
Optimal allocation of thermal conductance for minimum total thermal conductance
289
1
Graphic representation of the optimal allocation of thermal conductance
290
1
Effect of the size constraint: total heat transfer area vs. total thermal conductance
291
3
Minimization of the heat-leak entropy generation
294
25
Mechanical supports
296
3
Insulations cooled with helium boil-off
299
5
Radiation shields
304
3
Electric power cables
307
2
Counterflow heat exchangers of cryogenic refrigerators and liquefiers
309
2
References
311
2
Problems
313
6
Time-dependent operation
319
30
Defrosting refrigerators
319
11
Optimal ``on'' interval for intermittent operation
319
5
Refrigerator with vapor compression cycle: optimal on and off operation
324
2
Optimal allocation of heat exchanger inventory
326
4
Cleaning the heat exchanger of a power plant
330
4
Fouling in the hot-end heat exchanger
330
2
Fouling in the cold-end heat exchanger
332
2
Power plants driven by heating from a bed of hot dry rock
334
7
Method
334
1
Unidirectional conduction model
335
3
Maximum work delivery during a fixed time interval
338
3
Maximum rate of ice production
341
8
References
344
1
Problems
344
5
Appendix A Local entropy generation rate
349
2
Appendix B Variational calculus
351
2
Author index
353
6
Subject index
359