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Tables of Contents for Neuroanatomy
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Box Features
vi
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
Guide to Using This Book
xxi
I The Central Nervous System
Introduction to the Central Nervous System
1
32
Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System
1
4
The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components
5
1
The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions
6
1
The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements
6
4
The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
10
1
The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Three-dimensional Configuration of All Central Nervous System Divisions
11
6
Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid
17
2
The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers
19
2
An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms
21
2
Techniques for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System
23
7
Summary
Cellular Organization of the Nervous System
30
1
Regional Anatomy of the Nervous System
30
1
Ventricular System
30
1
Meninges
30
1
Axes and Planes of Section
31
1
Techniques for Visualizing Components of the Central Nervous System
31
2
Development of the Central Nervous System
33
28
The Neurons and Glial Cells Derive from Cells of the Neural Plate
33
3
The Neural Tube Forms Five Brain Vesicles and the Spinal Cord
36
2
The Spinal Cord and Hindbrain Have a Segmented Structure
38
3
The Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Develop From the Caudal and Intermediate Portions of the Neural Tube
41
7
The Cerebellum Develops From the Rhombic Lips
48
2
The Rostral Portion of the Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
50
7
Summary
Early Development of the Central Nervous System
57
1
Development of Major Central Nervous System Divisions
57
1
Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Development
58
1
Development of the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
58
3
Internal Organization of the Central Nervous System
61
32
Longitudinally Oriented Systems Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis
62
3
The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons
65
4
Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures
69
5
The Thalamus Transmits Information From Subcortical Structures to the Cerebral Cortex
74
4
The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons
78
4
Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers
82
2
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function
84
1
Neurons in the Brain Stem and Basal Forebrain Have Diffuse Projections and Regulate Central Nervous System Neuronal Excitability
84
4
Summary
Spinal Cord Organization
88
1
Brain Stem Organization
88
1
Organization of Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
89
1
Diffuse-projecting Neurotransmitter-specific Systems
89
4
Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
93
32
The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System
93
2
The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord
95
1
The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem
96
1
The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
97
14
Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses
111
1
The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body
111
2
Cerebrospinal Fluid Serves Many Diverse Functions
113
7
Summary
Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
120
1
Arterial Supply of the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
120
1
Collateral Circulation
120
1
Venous Drainage
120
1
Blood-Brain Barrier
120
1
Production and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
121
4
II Sensory Systems
The Somatic Sensory System
125
36
Functional Anatomy of the Somatic Sensory Pathways
125
1
The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System and the Anterolateral System Mediate Different Somatic Sensations
125
7
Regional Anatomy
132
1
The Terminal Processes of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Are the Somatic Sensory Receptors
132
3
Dorsal Root Axons With Different Diameters Terminate in Different Central Nervous System Locations
135
3
The Dorsal Columns Have Two Separate Components That Mediate Touch From the Upper and Lower Extremities
138
2
Ascending Axons of the Anterolateral System Originate in the Spinal Gray Matter
140
1
Three Key Sensory Deficits That Follow Spinal Cord Injury Permit Localization of Trauma
141
3
Somatic Sensory Decussation in the Medulla is Located Rostral to the Pyramidal Decussation
144
2
Vascular Lesions of the Caudal Brain Stem Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function
146
1
The Reticular Formation of the Medulla and Pons Receives a Projection From the Anterolateral System
147
1
Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem
148
1
Separate Nuclei in the Medial and Lateral Thalamus Process Somatic Sensory Information
149
2
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Is Located in the Postcentral Gyrus
151
4
Higher-order Somatic Sensory Cortical Areas Are Located in the Parietal Lobe, Parietal Operculum, and Insular Cortex
155
1
Summary
Somatic Sensory Pathways
156
1
Receptor Neurons
156
1
Spinal Cord
156
1
Brain Stem
157
1
Thalamus
157
1
Somatic Sensory Cortical Regions
157
4
The Visual System
161
38
The Functional Anatomy of the Visual System
161
1
Anatomically Separate Visual Paths Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function
161
3
Regional Anatomy
164
1
The Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli
164
1
The Retina Contains Five Major Layers
164
6
Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells in the Ipsilateral Retina
170
1
The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Oculomotor Control and Orientation
171
2
Ganglion Cell Axons From the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Halves of the Retina Terminate in Different Layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
173
3
The Primary Visual Cortex Is the Target of Projections From the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
176
1
The Magnocellular and Parvocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual Cortex
176
4
The Primary Cortex Has a Columnar Organization
180
5
Higher-order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects of Visual Stimuli
185
5
The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System
190
5
Summary
Retina
195
1
Visual Field and Optic Nerves
196
1
Midbrain
196
1
Thalamus
196
1
Visual Cortical Areas
196
1
Visual Field Defects
197
2
The Auditory and Vestibular Systems
199
24
Functional Anatomy of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems
199
1
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways May Be Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing
199
4
The Vestibular Nuclei Receive Monosynaptic Input From the Vestibular Division of the Eighth Cranial Nerve
203
1
Regional Anatomy
204
1
The Auditory and Vestibular Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth
204
4
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections
208
2
The Topography of Connections Between Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei Provides Insight Into the Functions of Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways
210
2
Stimulation of the Olivocochlear Bundle Suppresses Auditory Responses in the Cochlear Nerve
212
1
Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus
213
2
The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum
215
1
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Contains a Division That Is Tonotopically Organized
216
2
The Auditory Cortical Areas Are Located on the Superior Surface of the Temporal Lobe
218
2
Summary
Auditory System
220
1
Peripheral Auditory Apparatus
220
1
Medulla and Pons
220
1
Midbrain and Thalamus
220
1
Cerebral Cortex
220
1
Vestibular System
221
1
Peripheral Vestibular Sensory Organs
221
1
Vestibular Nuclei and Ascending Vestibular Projection
221
2
The Gustatory, Visceral Afferent, and Olfactory Systems
223
26
The Gustatory and Visceral Afferent Systems
224
1
There Are Separate Gustatory and Visceral Afferent Ascending Pathways
224
1
Regional Anatomy
225
1
Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity
225
5
The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay For Taste and Visceral Afferent Information
230
2
The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Frontal Operculum and Anterior Insular Cortex
232
2
The Olfactory System
234
1
The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay in the Thalamus
234
1
Regional Anatomy
235
1
The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa
235
1
The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay For Olfactory Input
236
2
The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract
238
2
The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb
240
4
Summary
Gustatory System
244
1
Sensory Receptors and Peripheral Nerves
244
1
Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex
244
1
Olfactory System
244
1
Receptors and Olfactory Nerve
244
1
Telencephalon
244
5
III Motor Systems
Descending Projection Systems and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord
249
42
Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Pathways
249
1
Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems
249
4
There Are Three Functional Classes of Descending Pathways
253
2
Descending Pathways Synapse on Segmental Interneurons and Propriospinal Neurons in Addition to Motor Neurons
255
1
The Descending Pathways Have a Parallel and Hierarchical Organization
255
1
The Functional Organization of the Descending Pathways Parallels the Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Nuclei in the Ventral Horn
256
8
Regional Anatomy
261
3
Motor Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Are Located in the Frontal Lobe
264
7
The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
271
1
The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain
272
2
Descending Cortical Fibers Separate Into Small Fascicles in the Ventral Pons
274
1
The Vestibular Nuclei Are Located in the Dorsal Pons and Medulla
275
1
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla
276
3
The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways
279
5
Lesions of the Descending Cortical Pathway in the Brain and Spinal Cord Produce Flaccid Paralysis Followed by Spasticity
284
2
Summary
Descending Pathways
286
1
Lateral Descending Systems
286
1
Medial Descending Systems
287
4
The Cerebellum
291
32
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum
291
1
The Convoluted Surface of the Cerebellar Cortex Is Organized Into Three Lobes
291
4
Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
295
1
All Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization
295
9
Regional Anatomy
304
1
The Instrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is Similar For the Different Functional Divisions
304
5
Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and Paths Transmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum
309
2
The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons
311
2
The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Input to the Cerebrocerebellum
313
1
The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are Located Within the White Matter
314
1
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Decussates in the Caudal Midbrain
315
1
The Ventral Lateral Nucleus Relays Cerebellar Output to the Premotor and Primary Motor Cortices
316
1
Damage to the Cerebellum Produces Neurological Signs on the Same Side as the Lesion
317
2
Summary
Cerebellar Gross Anatomy
319
1
Cerebellar Cortex
319
1
Cerebellar Afferents
319
1
Cerebellar Functional Divisions
320
3
The Basal Ganglia
323
30
Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
324
1
Separate Components of Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output
324
2
Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia
326
4
Knowledge of the Connections and Neurotransmitters of the Basal Ganglia Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease
330
4
Regional Anatomy
334
1
The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen
334
3
Cell Bridges Link the Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen
337
4
The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure
341
1
The Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus Projects to the Thalamus Via the Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus
341
2
Lesion of the Subthalamic Region Produces a Movement Disorder
343
1
The Substantia Nigra Contains Two Anatomical Divisions
344
3
The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery
347
1
Summary
Basal Ganglia Nuclei
347
1
Basal Ganglia Functional Loops
347
1
Intrinsic Basal Ganglia Connections
348
5
IV The Brain Stem
General Organization of the Cranial Nerve Nuclei and the Trigeminal System
353
30
Cranial Nerves and Nuclei
353
2
There Are Important Differences Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and That of the Limbs and Trunk
355
4
Cranial Nerves Have a Complex Nomenclature
359
1
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Are Organized Into Rostrocaudal Columns
359
1
Cranial Sensory Columns Are Located Lateral to the Motor Columns
360
3
Functional Anatomy of the Trigeminal System
362
1
Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses
363
5
Regional Anatomy
368
1
Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head
368
2
Cell Bodies of Primary Afferent Fibers Mediating Facial Somatic Sensations Are Located in the Perpheral Ganglia and in the Central Nervous System
370
1
The Key Components of the Trigeminal System Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem
370
7
The Ventral Posterior Nucleus Contains Separate Divisions That Mediate Somatic Sensation of the Face and Body
377
1
The Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Projects to the Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
378
1
Summary
The Cranial Nerves
379
1
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Columns
380
1
Trigeminal Sensory System
380
3
The Somatic and Visceral Motor Functions of the Cranial Nerves
383
36
Functional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei
383
1
The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon
383
3
Neurons in the General Somatic Motor Cell Column Innervate Striated Muscles That Develop From the Occipital Somites
386
3
The Special Visceral Motor Cell Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches
389
4
The General Visceral Motor Cell Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
393
3
Regional Anatomy
396
1
The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla
396
1
A Level Through the Midmedulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei
397
4
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla
401
1
The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons
402
1
Eye Movement Deficits After an Abducens Nerve Lesion Differ From Those After a Lesion of the Abducens Nucleus
402
7
The Motor Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve Is Located Medial to the Main Sensory Nucleus
409
1
The Trochlear Nerve Exits the Dorsal Surface of the Pons at the Level of the Isthmus
410
1
The Cranial Nerve Cell Columns Have a Dorsoventral Spatial Organization in the Midbrain
411
2
The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and Components of the General Somatic Motor Column Are Seen on a Midsagittal Section
413
1
Summary
General Somatic Motor Nuclei
413
1
Special Visceral Motor Nuclei
414
1
General Visceral Motor Nuclei
414
5
V Integrative Systems
The Hypothalamus and the Regulation of Endocrine and Visceral Functions
419
28
Functional Anatomy of the Neuroendocrine Systems
419
1
The Hypothalamus Is Divided Into Three Functionally Distinct Mediolateral Zones
419
3
Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary
422
6
Functional Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System Control
427
1
The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System Locations
428
2
Descending Projections From the Hypothalamus Regulate Autonomic Function
430
3
Regional Anatomy
433
1
The Preoptic Region Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary
433
1
The Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei Comprise the Magnocellular Neurosecretory System
434
2
The Parvocellular Neurosecretory Neurons Project to the Median Eminence
436
2
The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies
438
1
Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matter and in the Dorsolateral Tegmentum
439
4
Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord
443
1
Summary
General Hypothalamic Anatomy
443
1
Neuroendocrine Control
443
1
Autonomic Nervous System and Visceromotor Functions
444
3
The Limbic System
447
34
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System
448
1
Components of the Limbic System Are C-shaped
448
1
The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes
449
2
The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Memory Consolidation
451
5
The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex Contains Three Major Functional Divisions
456
1
The Basolateral Nuclei Are Reciprocally Connected With the Cerebral Cortex
457
3
There Are Connections Between Components of the Limbic System and the Effector Systems
460
1
All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System
461
2
Regional Anatomy
462
1
The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain
463
1
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections
464
1
The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
465
1
The Three Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed in Coronal Section
466
3
The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle
469
3
A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and Mammillothalamic Tract
472
3
Nuclei in the Brain Stem Link Telencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the Spinal Cord
475
1
Summary
General Anatomy of the Limbic System
475
1
Limbic Association Cortex
475
1
Hippocampal Formation
475
1
Amygdala
476
5
VI Atlas
AI Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System
481
16
All Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System
497
64
Index
561