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Tables of Contents for Control of Breathing in Health and Disease
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
iii
Claude Lenfant
Preface
v
Contributors
vii
Part One PHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Central Neural Control of Breathing
1
40
John E. Remmers
Introduction
1
2
Breathing and Central Pattern Generators
3
2
Rhythm Generators: Pacemaker or Network Mechanisms?
5
6
Gasping and Eupnea: Two Types of Respiratory Rhythms in Adult Mammals
11
4
Ontological Considerations
15
3
Lessons from Amphibia and Reptiles
18
7
Central Neuronal Elements Generating and Controlling the Motor Output
25
5
Synaptic Connection
30
3
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
33
1
Summary and Conclusions
34
7
References
35
6
Chemical Control of Breathing
41
48
Yoshiyuki Honda
Hiroaki Tani
Introduction
41
1
Carbon Dioxide Chemosensitivity
42
9
Hypoxic Chemosensitivity
51
24
Summary
75
14
References
75
14
Nonchemical and Behavioral Effects on Breathing
89
16
Ikuo Homma
Yuri Masaoka
Introduction
89
1
Motor Pathways
90
3
Afferent Mechanisms
93
2
Respiratory Sensation and Behavioral Control of Breathing
95
2
Posture and Breathing
97
2
Emotions, Personality, and Breathing
99
6
References
100
5
Dyspnea and the Control of Breathing
105
32
Harold L. Manning
Richard M. Schwartzstein
Introduction
105
1
Measurement of Dyspnea
106
3
Mechanisms of Dyspnea
109
9
Relationship Between Respiratory Control and Respiratory Sensation
118
2
Interplay Between Breathing Pattern and Respiratory Sensation
120
2
Dyspnea in Patients
122
6
Conclusion
128
9
References
129
8
Control of Breathing During Exercise
137
26
Kieran J. Killian
Norman L. Jones
E. J. Moran Campbell
Introduction
137
1
Integrative Model
138
1
Exercise Task
139
1
Metabolic Demand
139
4
The Respiratory Muscles in Exercise
143
6
Control of Breathing During Exercise
149
5
Sensory Aspects of Breathing During Exercise
154
1
Conclusion
155
8
References
157
6
Respiration and the Human Upper Airway
163
40
David P. White
Introduction
163
1
Biomechanical Properties of the Human Upper Airway
164
5
The Nose
169
7
The Pharynx
176
12
The Larynx
188
6
Conclusions
194
9
References
195
8
Periodic Breathing and Central Apnea
203
48
Michael C. K. Khoo
Introduction
203
2
Periodic Breathing as an Instability in Control
205
12
Sleep-Wake State and Respiratory Stability
217
10
Respiratory Pattern Generation and Periodic Breathing
227
5
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms Affecting Respiratory Stability
232
8
Conclusion
240
11
References
240
11
Clinical Assessment of the Respiratory Control System
251
38
Yasushi Akiyama
Yoshikazu Kawakami
Introduction
251
1
Measurement of Respiratory Output
252
5
Methods of Evaluating Control of Breathing
257
22
Behavioral Effects on Respiratory Test Results
279
10
References
280
9
Part Two CLINICAL ASPECTS
Respiratory Control in Children: Clinical Aspects
289
78
Carol Lynn Rosen
Alia R. Bazzy-Asaad
Gabriel G. Haddad
Overview of Respiratory Control: A Conceptual Framework
289
2
Control of Respiration: Developmental Physiological Aspects
291
3
Clinical Disorders of Respiratory Control
294
41
Assessment of Respiratory Control in Children
335
32
References
338
29
Ventilatory Control in the Elderly
367
12
David W. Hudgel
Introduction
367
1
Control of Breathing in the Elderly
367
2
Ventilatory Variability in Aging
369
1
Breathing During Exercise in the Elderly
370
1
Sleep Quality in the Elderly
371
1
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in the Elderly
372
7
References
374
5
Control of Breathing During Sleep and Sleep-Disordered Breathing
379
44
James B. Skatrud
M. Safwan Badr
Barbara J. Morgan
Introduction
379
1
Epidemiology of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
380
1
Determinants of Breathing Pattern Instability
381
8
Determinants of Upper Airway Patency
389
7
High Upper Airway Resistance Syndromes
396
4
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
400
5
Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
405
18
References
412
11
Control of Breathing in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
423
16
Neil S. Cherniack
Introduction
423
2
Effects of COPD on Respiratory System Function
425
1
Compensatory Actions of the Control System in COPD
426
2
Effect of COPD on Ventilation
428
1
Factors Limiting Load Compensation and Producing Hypercapnia
429
2
Breathing Patterns and Hypercapnia in COPD
431
1
Factors Modifying Respiratory Control System Operation
432
7
References
433
6
Control of Breathing in Interstitial Lung Disease
439
30
Anthony F. DiMarco
Introduction and Overview
439
3
Pulmonary Mechanics
442
1
Breathing Pattern
443
1
Respiratory Muscle Function
444
2
Respiratory Control Mechanisms
446
23
References
459
10
Control of Breathing in Acute Ventilatory Failure and During Mechanical Ventilation
469
48
Catherine S. H. Sassoon
Martin J. Tobin
Introduction
469
2
Control of Breathing in Acute Ventilatory Failure
471
18
Control of Breathing During Mechanical Ventilation
489
18
Summary
507
10
References
507
10
Control of Breathing in Neuromuscular Disease
517
34
Peter Martin Anthony Calverley
Introduction
517
1
Clinical Features
518
3
Ventilatory Control: Theory and Assessment
521
4
Ventilatory Control in NMD During Wakefulness
525
10
Respiratory Control During Sleep
535
6
Implications for Treatment
541
2
Summary
543
8
References
543
8
Control of Ventilation in Congestive Heart Failure
551
30
Steven M. Scharf
Harly E. Greenberg
Introduction
551
1
Changes in Respiratory Mechanics in CHF
552
1
Pulmonary Afferent Reflexes: Overview
552
2
Ventilatory Reflexes Elicited from the Pulmonary Vasculature
554
3
Mechanisms Underlying the Ventilatory Response to Exercise in CHF
557
6
Control of Respiration During Sleep in CHF
563
18
References
572
9
Control of Breathing in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders and in Obesity
581
28
John V. Weil
Clifford W. Zwillich
Introduction
581
1
Thyroid Diseases
581
7
Diabetes
588
1
Acromegaly
589
1
Sex Hormones
589
4
Obesity
593
6
Summary
599
10
References
600
9
Control of Breathing Following Lung Transplantation in Humans
609
24
Mark Heims Sanders
Introduction
609
1
Are the Lungs and Lower Airways Truly Denervated Following Lung Transplantation?
610
2
Effect of Lung Transplantation on the Defense of Ventilation with Changing Resting Lung Volume
612
2
The Effect of Lung Transplantation on Breathing During Wakefulness and Sleep
614
3
The Effect of Lung Transplantation on Ventilatory Chemoresponsiveness
617
5
The Effect of Lung Transplantation on Perception of Breathing and Breath-Holding
622
2
The Effect of Lung Transplantation on Exercise
624
3
Conclusions
627
6
References
627
6
The Hyperventilation Syndrome
633
28
Hans Folgering
Introduction
633
3
Signs and Symptoms
636
5
Pathophysiology of the Control of Breathing
641
6
Diagnosis
647
5
Therapy
652
2
Conclusions
654
7
References
655
6
Management of Respiratory Insufficiency
661
26
Murray D. Altose
Introduction
661
1
Respiratory Control System
662
1
Causes of Respiratory Insufficiency
662
5
Management Approaches
667
10
Summary
677
10
References
678
9
Author Index
687
68
Subject Index
755