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Tables of Contents for Asthma and Respiratory Infections
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Series Introduction (Claude Lenfant)
iii
Preface
v
Contributors
vii
Part One EPIDEMIOLOGY
The Impact of Respiratory Virus Infections on the World's Children
1
22
Floyd W. Denny, Jr.
Introduction
1
1
Classification of Acute Respiratory Infections
2
1
Etiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
3
4
Role of Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria as Causes of Acute Respiratory Infections
7
6
Role of Various Risk Factors in the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections
13
2
Role of Acute Respiratory Infections in Developing Countries
15
4
Summary and Conclusions
19
4
References
20
3
Respiratory Viruses and Asthma: Epidemiological Considerations in Evaluating Their Association
23
22
Theodore J. Witek
Introduction
23
1
Respiratory Viruses Associated with Asthma
24
3
Basic Observations
27
10
Host and Environmental Factors
37
2
Summary
39
6
References
40
5
Rates of Asthma Exacerbations During Viral Respiratory Infection
45
18
Jonathan M. Corne
Sebastian L. Johnston
Richard Beasley
Early Case Reports
45
1
Indirect Evidence---Time-Series Studies
46
2
Studies in Adults
48
1
Cross-Sectional Studies in Children
48
3
Hospital-Based Incidental Studies in Children
51
1
Hospital-Based Incidental Studies in Adults
52
1
Cohort Studies in Children
52
3
Cohort Studies in Adults
55
1
Studies Utilizing PCR---Children
56
2
Studies Utilizing PCR---Adults
58
1
Summary of Studies
58
1
Future Studies
59
1
Conclusions
60
3
References
60
3
Risk Factors for Wheezing with Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
63
26
Michael Kabesch
Erika von Mutius
Introduction
63
1
Wheezing in Infancy and Childhood
64
2
Incidence and Type of Viral Infections in Wheezing Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
66
1
Risk Factors for Wheeze with Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
67
11
Summary
78
11
References
79
10
Part Two PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS
Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Asthma
89
14
Richard G. Hegele
James C. Hogg
Introduction
89
1
Overview of Viral Infections
89
3
The Effects of Acute Viral Infections on the Airways
92
4
Latent Viral Infections
96
2
Persistent Viral Infections
98
1
Summary
99
4
References
99
4
The Use of Experimentally Infected Volunteers in Research on the Common Cold
103
26
Jack M. Gwaltney
Introduction
103
1
History
103
3
Methodology
106
4
Applications of the Rhinovirus Challenge Model
110
4
Performance of the Rhinovirus Challenge Model
114
6
Advantage and Disadvantage of Experimental Colds in Research
120
1
Conclusion
121
8
References
121
8
Overview of Experimental Animal Respiratory Viral Provocation Models
129
26
Gert Folkerts
Henk J. Van der Linde
Frans P. Nijkamp
Introduction
129
1
Airway Hyperresponsiveness to Histamine and Histamine Release
130
2
Parasympathetic Nerves
132
3
Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerves
135
4
β2-Receptors
139
1
Epithelial Damage and Dysfunction
139
16
References
143
12
Role of Allergy and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Virus-Induced Asthma
155
28
James E. Gern
Robert F. Lemanske
William W. Busse
Epidemiology of Viral Infections and Asthma
155
2
Interactions Between Viruses and Allergy
157
9
Possible Mechanisms for Interaction of Viral Infection and Allergy
166
8
Summary
174
9
References
174
9
Limitations of Human Experimental Provocation Model for Investigating the Virus--Asthama Link
183
10
Deborah A. Gentile
David P. Skoner
Background
183
3
Severity of Infection
186
1
Inoculation Methodologies
186
1
Viral Characteristics
187
1
Subject Characteristics
188
1
Environmental Factors
188
1
Assessment of Outcomes
189
1
Conclusion
190
3
References
190
3
Stress, Viral Respiratory Infections, and Asthma
193
16
Sheldon Cohen
Mario Rodriguez
Introduction
193
1
What Is Stress?
194
2
How Could Stress Affect Asthma?
196
7
Conclusions
203
6
References
204
5
Part Three CURRENT AND FUTURE TREATMENTS
General Virology and Targets for Therapy
209
12
David Tyrrell
Introduction
209
2
Virus Diagnosis
211
3
Prevention or Treatment of Virus Infection
214
4
Further Prospects
218
1
General Comments
219
2
References
220
1
Advances in the Diagnosis of Respiratory Virus Infections
221
24
A. J. Chauhann
Sebastian L. Johnston
Introduction
221
1
Specimens
222
1
Detection of Virus by Electron Microscopy
223
1
Detection of Virus by Cell Culture
223
1
Additional Test for Cell Culture (Rapid Culture Assays)
224
1
Detection of Viral Antigen
225
1
Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids
226
13
Conclusions
239
6
References
239
6
Current Modalities for Treatment of Respiratory Viruses and Virus-Induced Asthma
245
14
Elliot F. Ellis
Chemotherapy of Rhinovirus Infection
246
2
Chemotherapy of Coronaviruses
248
1
Chemotherapy of Influenza A
248
2
Chemotherapy of Paramyxoviruses (RSV and Parainfluenza)
250
2
Prevention/Treatment of Virus-Induced Asthma
252
2
Note Added in Proof
254
5
References
255
4
Previously Conducted Trials to Evaluate New Avenues of Therapy
259
14
Robert L. Atmar
Ronald B. Turner
Experimental Models for the Study of Viral Respiratory Pathogens
259
2
Rhinoviruses
261
4
Coronavirus Infections
265
8
References
266
7
Author Index
273
30
Subject Index
303