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Tables of Contents for A History of Computing Technology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Chapter 1: In the Beginning
1
45
1.1 Numeration
1
5
1.2 Written Number Systems
6
3
1.2.1 The Additive Number System
7
1
1.2.2 The Positional System
8
1
1.3 The Egyptians
9
5
1.4 The Greeks
14
5
1.5 The European Number System
19
8
1.6 The Far East
27
5
1.7 Other Forms of Notation
32
10
1.7.1 Knotted Cords for Record Keeping
33
5
1.7.2 Tally Sticks
38
3
1.7.3 Other Methods of Numerical Notation
41
1
Further Reading
42
2
Endnotes for Chapter 1
44
2
Chapter 2: Early Aids to Calculation
46
72
2.1 Introduction
46
1
2.2 Finger Reckoning
47
6
2.3 The Abacus
53
13
2.4 The Quadrant
66
8
2.5 Two Legged Instruments
74
9
2.5.1 The Proportional Compass
75
1
2.5.2 The Sector
76
7
2.6 Napier's Bones
83
13
2.6.1 Napier and His Bones
83
6
2.6.2 Gaspard Schott and Athanasius Kircher
89
4
2.6.3 Early Versions of Napier's Bones
93
1
2.6.4 Genaille-Lucas Rulers
93
3
2.7 Logarithms
96
9
2.8 The Slide Rule
105
7
Further Reading
112
4
Endnotes for Chapter 2
116
2
Chapter 3: Mechanical Calculating Machines
118
36
3.1 Introduction
118
1
3.2 Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)
119
5
3.3 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
124
5
3.4 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
129
7
3.5 Samuel Morland (1625-1695)
136
6
3.6 Rene Grillet
142
3
3.7 Commercially Produced Machines
145
7
3.7.1 The Thomas Arithometer
145
1
3.7.2 The Baldwin-Odhner Machines
146
3
3.7.3 Key-Driven Machines
149
3
Further Reading
152
1
Endnotes for Chapter 3
153
1
Chapter 4: The Babbage Machines
154
37
4.1 Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
154
6
4.2 The Need for Accuracy
160
1
4.3 The Method of Differences
161
2
4.4 Babbage's Difference Engine
163
7
4.5 The Scheutz Difference Engine
170
5
4.6 Other Attempts At Difference Engines
175
2
4.7 Babbage's Analytical Engine
177
9
4.8 Percy Ludgate (1883-1922)
186
2
Further Reading
188
2
Endnotes for Chapter 4
190
1
Chapter 5: The Analog Animals
191
18
5.1 Introduction
191
1
5.2 The Astrolabe
192
3
5.3 The Antikythera Device
195
3
5.4 Tide Predictors
198
3
5.5 Differential Analyzers
201
6
Further Reading
207
1
Endnotes for Chapter 5
208
1
Chapter 6: The Mechanical Monsters
209
52
6.1 Introduction
209
1
6.2 The Zuse Machines
210
11
6.2.1 Konrad Zuse
210
1
6.2.2 The Z1
211
3
6.2.3 The Z2
214
1
The Z3
215
3
6.2.5 The Z4
218
2
6.2.6 The Other Zuse Machines
220
1
6.3 The Bell Relay Computers
221
14
6.3.1 The Situation
221
1
6.3.2 The Complex Number Calculator
222
3
6.3.3 The Relay Interpolator
225
2
6.3.4 The Models III and IV
227
2
6.3.5 The Model V (The Twin Machine)
229
4
6.3.6 The Model VI
233
2
6.4 The Harvard Machines of Howard Aiken
235
13
6.4.1 Introduction
235
1
6.4.2 The Harvard Mark I
235
8
6.4.3 The Harvard Mark II
243
3
6.4.4 The Harvard Mark III and Mark IV
246
2
6.5 The IBM Calculators
248
10
6.5.1 The Punched Card Systems
248
6
6.5.2 The Large IBM Calculators
254
1
6.5.3 The Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)
255
3
Further Reading
258
3
Chapter 7: The Electronic Revolution
261
35
7.1 Introduction
261
1
7.2 John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry, & the ABC
262
4
7.3 The ENIAC
266
18
7.3.1 Introduction
266
1
7.3.2 The Place and the Problem
267
1
7.3.3 The People
268
2
7.3.4 The Machine
270
14
7.4 The Clossus Machines
284
10
7.4.1 The Enigma
284
4
7.4.2 Alan Turing (1912-1954)
288
1
7.4.3 The Robinsons
289
2
7.4.4 The Colossus
291
3
Further Reading
294
1
Endnotes for Chapter 7
295
1
Chapter 8: The First Stored Program Electronic Computers
296
85
8.1 The Genesis of the Ideas
296
5
8.2 Computer Memory Systems
301
20
8.2.1 Introduction
301
2
8.2.2 Thermal Memories
303
1
8.2.3 Mechanical Memories
304
2
8.2.4 Delay Line Systems
306
5
8.2.5 Electrostatic Storage Mechanisms
311
5
8.2.6 Rotating Magnetic Memories
316
3
8.2.7 Static Magnetic Memories
319
2
8.3 The British Scene
321
15
8.3.1 Introduction
321
1
8.3.2 The Manchester Machine
322
7
8.3.3 The Cambridge Machine-EDSAC
329
7
8.3.4 The NPL Pilot Ace
336
1
8.4 The American Scene
336
40
8.4.1 The American Background
344
3
8.4.2 The Electronic Discrete Variable Arithmetic Computer (EDVAC)
347
4
8.4.3 The Institute for Advanced Study Machine (IAS)
351
7
8.4.4 The Eckert/Mauchly Machines, BINAC and UNIVAC
358
7
8.4.5 The SEAC and SWAC Machines
365
5
8.4.6 Project Whirlwind
370
6
Further Reading
376
3
Endnotes for Chapter 8
379
2
Chapter 9: Later Developments
381
26
9.1 Introduction
381
2
9.2 The Early Machines of IBM
383
8
9.2.1 The NORC
383
2
9.2.2 The 700-7000 Series Machines
385
6
9.3 Early Super Computers
391
9
9.3.1 The Stretch
391
4
9.3.2 The LARC
395
2
9.3.3 The Ferranti Atlas
397
3
9.4 The IBM/360 Series of Machines
400
5
Further reading
405
1
Endnotes for Chapter 9
406
1
Appendix
407
9
Index
416