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Tables of Contents for The Descent of Man and Selection in Relations to Sex
Chapter/Section Title
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Introduction
1
5
PART I THE DESCENT OR ORIGIN OF MAN
The evidence of the descent of man from some lower form
Nature of the evidence bearing on the origin of man
Homologous structures in man and the lower animals
Miscellaneous points of correspondence
Development
Rudimentary structures, muscles, sense-organs, hair, bones, reproductive organs, etc.
The bearing of these three great classes of facts on the origin of man
5
21
On the manner of development of man from some lower form
Variability of body and mind in man
Inheritance
Causes of variability
Laws of variation the same in man as in the lower animals
Direct action of the conditions of life
Effects of the increased use and disuse of parts
Arrested development
Reversion
Correlated variation
Rate of Increase
Checks to increase
Natural Selection
Man the most dominant animal in the world
Importance of his corporeal structure
The causes which have led to his becoming erect
Consequent changes of structure
Decrease in size of the canine teeth
Increased size and altered shape of the skull
Nakedness
Absence of a tail
Defenceless condition of man.
26
39
Comparison of the mental powers of man and the lower animals
The difference in mental power between the highest ape and the lowest savage, immense
Certain instincts in common
The emotions
Curiosity
Imitation
Attention
Memory
Imagination
Reason
Progressive Improvement
Tools and weapons / used by animals --- Abstraction, self-consciousness
Language
Sense of beauty
Belief in God, spiritual agencies, superstitions.
65
32
Comparison of the mental powers of man and the lower animals
continued
The moral sense
Fundamental proposition
The qualities of social animals
Origin of sociability
Struggle between opposed instincts conquer other less persistent instincts
The social virtues alone regarded by savages
The self-regarding virtues acquired at a later stage of development
The importance of the judgement of the members of the same community on conduct
Transmission of moral tendencies
Summary.
97
30
On the development of the intellectual and moral faculties during primeval and civilized times
Advancement of the intellectual powers through Natural Selection
Importance of imitation
Social and moral faculties
Their development within the limits of the same tribe
Natural Selection as affecting civilized nations
Evidence that civilized nations were once barbarous.
127
19
On the affinities and genealogy of man
Position of man in the animal series
The natural system genealogical
Adaptive characters of slight value
Various small points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana
Rank of man in the natural system
Birthplace and antiquity of man
Absence of fossil connecting-links
Lower stages in the genealogy of man, as inferred, first from his affinities and secondly from his structure
Early androgynous condition of the Vertebrata
Conclusion.
146
20
On the races of man
The nature and value of specific characters
Application to the races of man
Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species
Sub-species
Monogenists and polygenists
Convergence of character
/ Numerous points of resemblance in body and mind between the most distinct races of man
The state of man when he first spread over the earth
Each race not descended from a single pair
The extinction of races
The formation of races
The effects of crossing
Slight influence of the direct action of the conditions of life
Slight or no influence of the direct action of the conditions of life
Slight or no influence of Natural Selection
Sexual Selection.
166
41
PART II SEXUAL SELECTION
Principles of Sexual Selection
Secondary sexual characters
Sexual Selection
Manner of action
Excess of males
Polygamy
The male alone generally modified through Sexual Selection
Eagerness of the male
Variability of the male
Choice exerted by the female
Sexual compared with Natural Selection
Inheritance, at corresponding periods of life, at corresponding seasons of the year, and as limited by sex
Relations between the several forms of inheritance
Causes why one sex and the young are not modified through Sexual Selection
Supplement on the proportional numbers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom
The proportion of the sexes in relation to Natural Selection.
207
53
Secondary sexual characters in the lower classes of the animal kingdom
These characters absent in the lowest classes
Brilliant colours
Mollusca
Annelids
Crustacea, secondary sexual characters strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not acquired before maturity
Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation by the males
Myriapoda
260
14
Secondary sexual characters of insects
Diversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the females
Differences between the sexes, of which the meaning is not understood
Difference in size between the sexes
Thysanura
Diptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera, musical powers / possessed by the males alone
Orthoptera, musical instruments of the males, much diversified in structure; pugnacity; colours
Neuroptera sexual differences in colour
Hymenoptera, pugnacity and colours
Coleoptera, colours; furnished with great horns, apparently as an ornament; battles; stridulating organs generally common to both sexes.
274
33
Insects, continued -- Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)
Courtship of butterflies
Battles
Ticking noise
Colours common to both sexes, or more brilliant in the males
Examples
Not due to the direct action of the conditions of life
Colours adapted for protection
Colours of moths
Display
Perceptive powers of the Lepidoptera
Variability
Causes of the difference in colour between the males and females
Mimicry, female butterflies more brilliantly coloured than the males
Bright colours of caterpillars
Summary and concluding remarks on the secondary sexual characters of insects
Birds and insects compared
307
23
Secondary sexual characters of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
Fishes: Courtship and battles of the males
Larger size of the females
Males, bright colours and ornamental appendages; other strange characters
Colours and appendages acquired by the males during the breeding-season alone
Fishes with both sexes brilliantly coloured
Protective colours
The less conspicuous colours of the female cannot be accounted for on the principle of protection
Male fishes building nests, and taking charge of the ova and young. Amphibians: Differences in structure and colour between the sexes
Vocal organs. Reptiles: Chelonians
Crocodiles
Snakes, colours in some cases protective
Lizards, battles of
Ornamental appendages
Strange differences in structure between the sexes
Colours
Sexual differences almost as great as with birds
330
28
Secondary sexual characters of birds
Sexual differences
Law of battle
Special weapons
Vocal organs
Instrumental music
Love-antics and dances
Decorations, permanent and seasonal
Double and single annual moults
Display of ornaments by the males
358
46
Birds -- continued
Choice exerted by the female
Length of courtship
Unpaired birds
Mental qualities and taste for the beautiful
Preference or antipathy shown by the female for particular males
Variability of birds
Variations sometimes abrupt
Laws of variation
Formation of ocelli
Gradations of character
Case of Peacock, Argus pheasant, and Urosticte
404
40
Birds -- continued
Discussion as to why the males alone of some species, and both sexes of others are brightly coloured
On sexually-limited inheritance, as applied to various structures and to brightly-coloured plumage
Nidification in relation to colour
Loss of nuptial plumage during the winter
444
19
Birds -- concluded
The immature plumage in relation to the character of the plumage in both sexes when adult
Six classes of cases
Sexual differences between the males of closely-allied or representative species
The female assuming the characters of the male
Plumage of the young in relation to the summer and winter plumage of the adults
On the increase of beauty in the birds of the world
Protective colouring
Conspicuously-coloured birds
Novelty appreciated
Summary of the four chapters on birds
463
37
Secondary sexual characters of mammals
The law of battle
Special weapons, confined to the males
Cause of the absence of weapons in the female
Weapons common to both sexes, yet primarily acquired by the male
Other uses of such weapons
Their high importance
Greater size of the male
Means of defence
On the preference shown by either sex in the pairing of quadrupeds
500
25
Secondary sexual characters of mammals -- continued
Voice
Remarkable sexual peculiarities in seals
Odour
Development of the hair
Colour of the hair and skin
Anomalous / case of the female being more ornamented than the male
Colour and ornaments due to Sexual Selection
Colour acquired for the sake of protection
Colour, though common to both sexes, often due to Sexual Selection
On the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult quadrupeds
On the colours and ornaments of the Quadrumana
Summary
525
31
PART III SEXUAL SELECTION IN RELATION TO MAN, AND CONCLUSION
Secondary sexual characters of man
Differences between man and woman
Causes of such differences, and of certain characters common to both sexes
Law of battle
Differences in mental powers, and voice
On the influence of beauty in determining the marriages of mankind
Attention paid by savages to ornaments
Their ideas of beauty in woman
The tendency to exaggerate each natural peculiarity
556
29
Secondary sexual characters of man -- continued
On the effects of the continued selection of women according to a different standard of beauty in each race
On the causes which interfere with Sexual Selection in civilized and savage nations
Conditions favourable to Sexual Selection during primeval times
On the manner of action of Sexual Selection with mankind
On the women in savage tribes having some power to choose their husbands
Absence of hair on the body, and development of the beard
Colour of the skin
Summary
585
21
General summary and conclusion
Main conclusion that man is descended from some lower form
Manner of development
Genealogy of man
Intellectual and moral faculties
Sexual Selection
Concluding remarks
606
14
Supplemental Note
620
5
Index
625