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Tables of Contents for Natural Resources Engineering
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
xiii
Preface
xv
Natural Resources Engineering Opportunities
1
19
Defining Natural Resources Engineering and Related Terms
2
1
The Hydrologic Cycle
3
1
Changing Land Uses Due to Societal Forces
4
2
The Scope of Natural Resources Engineering
6
9
Outlook
15
2
Problems and Questions
17
1
References
18
2
Precipitation
20
31
Precipitation Defined
20
1
Raindrop Characteristics
21
1
Precipitation Mechanisms
21
1
Precipitation Types and Seasonal Effects
22
1
Precipitation Measurement
23
2
Precipitation Analyses
25
2
Introduction to Hydrologic Frequency Analyses: Return Period Analysis
27
6
Calculating Storm Magnitudes for Design Purposes
33
10
Local-Scale Precipitation Analyses
43
3
Pollution Transport by Precipitation
46
1
Outlook
46
1
Problems and Questions
47
2
Notes
49
1
References
49
2
Infiltration
51
18
Infiltration, Percolation, and Subsurface Flow Defined
51
1
Factors Affecting Infiltration
51
1
Darcy's Law
52
5
Infiltration and Percolation Prediction
57
5
Infiltration Measurement
62
2
Pollutant Transport by Subsurface Flow
64
1
Outlook
65
1
Problems and Questions
66
2
Notes
68
1
References
68
1
Evapotranspiration
69
25
Factors Affecting Evaporation
70
1
Evaporation Prediction Approaches
70
1
Evaporation from Water Surfaces Based Solely on Aerodynamic Effects or Mass Balance
71
2
Evaporation Prediction from the Energy Balance: The Bowen Ratio Method
73
1
Evaporation (Ep) Prediction Accounting for Aerodynamic Effects and Energy Balance: The Penman-Monteith Combination Equation Method
74
8
Empirical and Approximate Methods for E Prediction
82
5
Physical Analog: The Standard Evaporation Pan
87
2
Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Measurement
89
1
Pollutants and Evaporation
90
1
Outlook
90
1
Problems and Questions
91
1
References
92
2
Runoff
94
43
Background
94
2
Watershed or Catchment Delineation
96
2
Runoff Volume for a Compact Watershed
98
7
Peak Runoff Rate with Compact Watersheds
105
18
Runoff Hydrograph Development
123
9
Impact of Errors on Runoff Assessment
132
1
Outlook
133
1
Problems and Questions
133
2
Notes
135
1
References
136
1
Erosion by Water
137
40
Factors Affecting Erosion by Water
138
2
Soil Erosion versus Sediment Yield
140
1
Soil Loss Tolerance
140
1
Types of Water Erosion
140
2
Erosion Mechanics
142
2
Predicting Soil Detachment and Upland Erosion
144
10
The Weighted RrfCprac Factor for Average Annual Erosion Computation
154
4
Note on Units
158
1
Prediction of Sediment Yield
159
3
Modeling Approaches for Sediment Yield Prediction
162
3
Erosion Control Practices in Agriculture
165
3
Sediment Control Practices in Construction
168
1
Erosion and 'Pollution
168
1
Future Directions of Water Erosion Prediction
169
1
Outlook
169
1
Going from Engineering Science to Engineering Design: Why Some Approaches Are Empirical
170
1
Problems and Questions
171
3
Notes
174
1
References
174
3
Water Quality and Upland Nonpoint Pollution
177
28
Important Concepts and Selected Pollution Measurement Techniques
179
4
Water Quality Background
183
3
Scale Effects
186
3
Some Best Management Practices for Nonpoint Pollution Abatement
189
8
Quantitative Removal and Renovation of Selected Pollution Constituents
197
2
Outlook
199
2
Problems and Questions
201
2
References
203
2
Open Channel Hydraulics
205
33
Fundamentals of Hydraulics
205
3
Fluid Statics Review
208
7
Channel Design and Construction
215
16
Outlook
231
2
Problems and Questions
233
3
Notes
236
1
References
236
2
Vegetated Waterways
238
19
Background
239
1
Channel Planning
240
5
Design Procedures
245
8
Other Design Approaches
253
1
Construction and Maintenance
253
1
Outlook
253
2
Problems and Questions
255
1
References
256
1
Terraces and Diversions
257
34
Background
257
2
Terrace Definitions and Types
259
2
Function of Terraces
261
1
Erosion Terrace Spacing for Erosion Prevention
261
3
Terrace Channel Length, Cross Section, Maximum Grade, and Capacity
264
5
Broadbase and Bench Erosion Terrace Design Summary
269
1
Diversion Terraces and Diversions in Agricultural and Urban Applications
270
4
Diversion Terraces for Construction Site Erosion Control
274
2
Terrace Outlet Selection
276
1
Calculations for Tile Outlet Terrace or Sedimentation Pond
276
5
Parallel Terrace System Planning and Design
281
2
Outlook
283
4
Problems and Questions
287
2
Notes
289
1
References
290
1
Hydraulics of Water Management Structures
291
38
Structure Types
292
2
Hydraulic Concepts
294
3
Stage-Discharge Relationships of Weir Inlets and Flumes
297
7
Discharge Relations of Orifices and Sluice Gate Inlet Devices
304
12
Stage-Discharge Curves for Culverts and Spillways
316
5
Closed Conduit Systems for Urban Storm Water Collection
321
1
Water Measurement Structures for Irrigation and Aquaculture
322
1
Outlook
323
2
Problems and Questions
325
2
References
327
2
Impoundments and Embankments
329
42
Soil Fundamentals for Embankment Construction
330
5
Flood Routing through Reservoirs and Related Structures
335
7
General Pond Design
342
10
Spillway Design
352
2
Embankment Safety: Selection of Design Storm
354
1
Applications
355
7
Construction and Safety Issues
362
1
Outlook
363
3
Problems and Questions
366
3
Notes
369
1
References
369
2
Shallow Groundwater Management with Drains and Wells
371
31
Surface Drainage
371
4
Introduction to Subsurface Flow
375
1
Pipe Drainage
376
14
Shallow Wells
390
6
Uniform Infiltration and Drainage to a Nearby Stream
396
2
Outlook
398
1
Problems and Questions
398
2
References
400
2
Introduction to Irrigation Design
402
50
Irrigation Systems Overview
403
3
Soil-Water-Plant Relations
406
7
Soil Intake Rate
413
1
Water Quality Issues and Leaching Requirement for Crop Production
414
2
Irrigation Efficiency
416
3
Irrigation Scheduling
419
1
Computing ET Requirements: Peak ET
420
1
Effective Rainfall for Agricultural Irrigation
420
1
Computing ET Requirements: Seasonal Water Use
421
2
Irrigation Pumping Rate for Meeting ET Requirements
423
1
Water Rights
423
3
Sprinkler Lateral Design for Agricultural Applications
426
10
Center Pivot System Specification
436
3
Design for Nonagricultural Applications
439
3
Microirrigation System Design with Pressure-Compensated Emitters
442
3
Safety and Maintainability
445
2
Outlook
447
1
Problems and Questions
447
2
Notes
449
1
References
449
3
Streamflow Processes and Lake Dynamics
452
41
Background
452
2
How Waters Are Biologically Impaired
454
1
Predominant Physical Processes
454
20
Biological Processes
474
8
Predominant Nutrient and Chemical Processes
482
5
Outlook
487
1
Problems and Questions
488
2
Notes
490
1
References
490
3
Appendix A Ethics, Biotic Relationships, and Resource Economics
493
16
Review of Values and Ethics
493
4
Ethical Concepts and the Environment
497
1
Principles of Ecological Engineering or Design
498
2
Resource Economics: Social Traps
500
1
What Defines a Well-Designed Project?
501
1
Case Study 1: Pitcher Plant Community Viability
502
3
Case Study 2: Clean Water Act Compliance, a Hypothetical Case
505
1
Ethics, Ecological Knowledge, and Natural Resources Problem Solution
506
1
Notes
507
1
References
507
2
Appendix B Solutions for Trapezoidal Channels with Constrained Velocity
509
2
Appendix C Structure Installation and Soil-Imposed Forces
511
19
Impoundment and Embankment Volume Calculations
511
4
Setting Slope Stakes for Cuts and Fills
515
1
Techniques for Installation of Channels and Other Structures
516
5
Materials Specifications for Channels and Structures
521
3
Rural Road Construction
524
1
Buried Pipe Loading
525
4
References
529
1
Appendix D Land-Forming Computations for Surface Drainage
530
4
References
533
1
Appendix E Centrifugal Pumps and Pumping System Design
534
16
Pump Fundamentals
534
2
Centrifugal Pump Type Selection
536
1
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves
537
1
Friction Losses in Pipes
537
2
Suction Line Design Considerations
539
1
Total Dynamic Head and Power
540
2
Determination of the System Head-Flow Curve
542
1
Selecting and Matching Pumps to a System
543
2
Pumps in Series and Parallel
545
1
Storage Requirements at Pumping Plants
545
1
Pump and Power Plant Fittings and Protection
546
1
Problems and Questions
547
1
Notes
548
1
References
548
2
Appendix F Plant Water Potential
550
3
References
552
1
Appendix G Unit Conversions
553
2
Index
555