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Tables of Contents for How to Read a North Carolina Beach
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vii
The Big Picture: Understanding Wind, Waves, and Sand
1
22
The Equilibrium That Is a Beach
1
4
Sea-Level Change
5
3
Waves and the Currents They Form
8
9
Rogue Waves
14
1
Tsunamis
15
1
Longshore Currents
15
2
The Sand Supply of the Beach
17
3
Sand Size
17
2
Sources of Sand
19
1
Groundwater in the Beach
20
3
What Makes and Shapes a North Carolina Beach
23
14
The Divisions of a Beach
23
6
Berms
24
1
Beach Cusps
24
1
Offshore Bars
25
4
Source and Composition of North Carolina Sand
29
5
Common Beach Minerals
29
1
Heavy Minerals
30
4
Gravel
34
1
Beach Change: A Way of Life
34
3
North Carolina Dunes
37
18
How Dunes Form
37
2
Dune Types
39
5
Dune Forms and Features
44
5
Dune Sand and Stratification
46
2
Dune Grass
48
1
The Problems of Bulldozed and Artificial Dunes
49
2
The Civilian Conservation Corps Dunes
51
4
Barrier Islands: The Platforms for Beaches
55
18
What Are Barrier Islands?
55
5
How Were Barrier Islands Formed?
60
2
How Do Barrier Islands Evolve?
62
7
Barrier Island Migration
69
3
What's Happening Today?
72
1
Beach Clues: Reading the Signs on the Beach
73
34
Drift and Wrack Lines
73
5
Air in the Beach
78
1
Holes, Rings, Blisters, Pits, and Volcanoes
79
7
Foam, Swash, Imprints: How Currents and Winds Sculpt the Surface
86
15
Wind: The Modifier
101
1
Singing Sand
101
3
Shipwrecks on the Beach
104
2
Connections: The Ocean, the Beach, Life
106
1
Life Signs: Beach Critters, Past and Present
107
26
From Shells to Sand: The Carbonate Fraction
107
6
Brown and Black Shells
113
4
Shell Orientation
117
1
Sharks' Teeth
118
1
Macrofauna: Clams, Crabs, Turtles, Birds, and Other Large Creatures
119
10
Meiofauna: Microscopic Critters in the Sand
129
2
Natural Beaches and Their Biota: An Uncertain Future
131
2
Conservation of Beaches
133
12
What's Up?
135
1
So What?
136
7
What's the Alternative?
143
2
Beach Terminology
145
8
Suggested Readings
153
6
Index
159