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Tables of Contents for Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use in Young Adulthood
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
How This Book Is Linked With Our Earlier Research
xv
1
Guidelines for Using This Book
xvi
2
Acknowledgments
xviii
1 Introduction and Overview
1
7
Change and Stability in Drug Use
1
2
Data Quantity, Quality, and Breadth of Generalization
3
2
Studying Causal Relationships in Natural Settings
5
1
Chapter Outline and Preview of Key Findings
6
2
2 Reviewing the Influence of Social Roles on Drug Use During the Transition to young Adulthood
8
18
The Transition to Young Adulthood
8
2
Relating the Young Adult Transition to Changes in Drug Use
10
5
Evidence for the Influence of Adult Roles on Drug Use
15
9
Marriage
16
1
Engagement
17
1
Cohabitation
18
1
Pregnancy
19
1
Parenthood
20
1
Single Parenthood
21
1
Education
22
1
Living Arrangements
22
1
Employment
23
1
The Influence of Demographic/Background Factors on Drug Use
24
1
Conclusions
24
2
3 Examining Roles and Experiences During the Post-High-School Years--Sample Characteristics and Analysis Strategy
26
24
Sample Characteristics and Representativeness
26
3
Patterns of Post-High-School Education and Employment
29
4
Student Experiences
29
2
Employment Experiences
31
2
Marital Status and Living Arrangements
33
3
Marital Status
33
1
Other Living Arrangements
34
2
Pregnancy and Parenthood
36
2
Pregnancy
36
1
Parenthood
37
1
Summary and Implications for Analyses of Drug Use
38
1
Analysis Issues and Strategies
39
11
The Complexity of Panel Data and the Need to Simplify
40
4
Studying Change Across Just Two Points in Time
44
1
Treating Senior Year as the Starting Point
44
1
Pooling Data Across Multiple Follow-Ups
44
2
Pooling Data Across Multiple Cohorts
46
1
Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting to Change Scores
46
1
Comparison Among Overlapping Predictor Sets
47
1
Overview of Analyses Used in the Following Chapters
48
2
4 Changes in Cigarette Use
50
27
Patterns of Change in Cigarette Use
52
3
Rates of Daily Smoking
52
2
Stability and Transitions in Daily Smoking
54
1
Analyses Linking Cigarette Use With Post-High-School Experiences
55
17
Student Status Related to Cigarette Use
57
1
Employment Status Related to Cigarette Use
57
4
Full-Time Civilian Employment
57
3
Part-Time Employment
60
1
Military Service
60
1
Homemakers
60
1
Unemployment
61
1
Living Arrangements and Marital Status Related to Cigarette Use
61
3
Being Married
61
2
Cohabiting
63
1
Living With Parents
63
1
Living in a Dormitory
63
1
Living Alone and Other Living Arrangements
63
1
Pregnancy and Parenthood Related to Cigarette Use
64
3
Pregnancy
64
2
Parenthood
66
1
Further Findings on Marital Status and Cigarette Use
67
5
Engagement
67
1
Divorce
68
4
Conclusions From Multivariate Analyses Linking Cigarette Use With Post-High-School Experiences
72
5
Explained Variance
72
1
Accounting for Age-Related Changes in Cigarette Use
73
4
5 Changes in Alcohol Use
77
34
Patterns of Change in Alcohol Use
78
3
Rates of Alcohol Use and Heavy Drinking
79
2
Analyses Linking Current and Heavy Alcohol Use With Post-High-School Experiences
81
23
Student Status Related to Alcohol use
81
3
Employment Status Related to Alcohol Use
84
5
Full-Time Civilian Employment
84
3
Part-Time Employment
87
1
Military Experience
87
1
Homemakers
87
1
Unemployment
88
1
Living Arrangements and Marital Status Related to Alcohol Use
89
5
Being Married
89
3
Cohabiting
92
1
Living With Parents
93
1
Living in a Dormitory
93
1
Living Alone
93
1
Other Living Arrangements
93
1
Pregnancy and Parenthood Related to Alcohol Use
94
4
Pregnancy
94
3
Parenthood
97
1
Further Findings on Marital Status and Alcohol Use
98
6
Engagement
98
1
Divorce
99
5
Implications for Interpreting the Marriage Effect
104
1
Conclusions From Multivariate Analyses Linking Alcohol Use With Post-High-School Experiences
104
7
Explained Variance
104
1
Overlaps Between Student Status and Living Arrangements
105
1
Accounting for Age-Related Changes in Alcohol Use
106
5
6 Changes in Marijuana Use
111
23
Patterns of Change in Marijuana Use
112
3
Rates of Current and Annual Marijuana Use
112
3
Analyses Linking Marijuana Use With Post-High-School Experiences
115
5
Student Status Related to Marijuana Use
116
1
Employment Status Related to Marijuana Use
116
4
Full-Time Civilian Employment
116
3
Part-Time Employment
119
1
Military Service
119
1
Homemakers
119
1
Unemployment
120
1
Living Arrangements and Marital Status Related to Marijuana Use
120
4
Being Married
120
2
Cohabiting
122
1
Living With Parents
122
1
Living in a Dormitory
123
1
Living Alone
123
1
Other Living Arrangements
123
1
Pregnancy and Parenthood Related to Marijuana Use
124
2
Pregnancy
124
2
Parenthood
126
1
Further Findings on Marital Status and Marijuana Use
126
4
Engagement
127
1
Divorce
127
3
Conclusions From Multivariate Analyses Linking Marijuana Use With Post-High-School Experiences
130
4
Explained Variance
130
1
Overlaps Between Student/Work Status and Living Arrangements
131
1
Accounting for Age-Related Changes in Marijuana Use
132
2
7 Changes in Cocaine Use
134
18
Patterns of Change in Cocaine Use
134
3
Rates of Current and Annual Cocaine Use
135
2
Analyses Linking Cocaine Use With Post-High-School Experiences
137
12
Student Status Related to Cocaine Use
137
2
Employment Status Related to Cocaine Use
139
2
Full-Time Civilian Employment
139
1
Part-Time Employment
139
1
Military Service
139
2
Homemakers
141
1
Unemployment
141
1
Living Arrangements and Marital Status Related to Cocaine Use
141
3
Being Married
141
2
Cohabiting
143
1
Living With Parents
143
1
Living in a Dormitory
143
1
Living Alone
144
1
Other Living Arrangements
144
1
Pregnancy and Parenthood Related to Cocaine Use
144
2
Pregnancy
144
1
Parenthood
144
2
Further Findings on Marital Status and Cocaine Use
146
3
Engagement
146
1
Divorce
146
3
Conclusions From Multivariate Analyses Linking Cocaine Use With Post-High-School Experiences
149
3
Explained Variance
149
1
Overlaps Between Student/Work Status and Living Arrangements
149
1
Accounting for Age-Related Changes in Cocaine Use
150
2
8 Summary, Conclusions and Implications
152
39
Placing These Findings in Context
153
5
New Perspectives on the Drug Problem in the United States
153
1
Secular Trends (Period Effects) in Drug Use
154
1
Perceptions and Attitudes About Drugs
155
1
Stability of Drug Use During Young Adulthood
156
2
Differences, Similarities, and Interrelationships Among Drug-Using Behaviors
158
7
Smoking Correlated With Other Drug Use
159
2
Alcohol Use Correlated With Other Drug Use
161
1
Marijuana Use and Cocaine Use Correlated With Other Drug Use
161
4
Linking Drug Use With Post-High-School Experiences: Summarizing and Interpreting Our Findings
165
15
Causal Assumptions and the Limitations of Observational Studies
165
1
Disentangling the Effects of Post-High-School Experiences
166
1
Student Status Related to Drug Use
167
2
Employment Status Related to Drug Use
169
2
Full-Time Civilian Employment
169
1
Part-Time Employment
170
1
Military Service
170
1
Homemakers
170
1
Unemployment
171
1
Living Arrangements and Marital Status Related to Drug Use
171
5
Being Married
172
1
Cohabiting
173
1
Living With Parents
174
1
Living in a Dormitory
174
1
Living Alone
175
1
Other Living Arrangements
175
1
Pregnancy and Parenthood Related to Drug Use
176
2
Pregnancy
176
1
Parenthood
177
1
Further Finding on Marriage, Engagement, Divorce and Drug Use
178
2
Engagement
178
1
Divorce
179
1
Interpreting the Marriage Effect on Drug Use
179
1
Conclusions and Implications
180
11
Stability Versus Change-Selection Versus Socialization
180
1
Two Directions of Change in Young Adulthood
181
2
New Freedoms and Increases in Drug Use
181
1
New Responsibilities and Decreases in Drug Use
182
1
Freedoms and Responsibilities: The Shifting Balance
183
1
Accounting for Age-Related Differences in Drug Use by Young Adults
183
2
Implications of Findings on Age-Related Changes in Drug Use
185
1
Implications for Future Analyses
186
4
Leaving Parents' Homes
188
1
Engagement and Marriage
188
1
Divorce
188
1
Cohabitation
189
1
Pregnancy
189
1
Parenthood
189
1
Next Steps
190
1
Concluding Comments on Young Adulthood, New Freedoms, and New Responsibilities
190
1
Appendix
191
32
Sampling and Data-Collection Procedures
191
5
Sample Design and Methods
191
1
Multistage Samples of High-School Seniors
191
1
Follow-Up Samples of Young Adults
192
1
Use of Sample Weights in These Analyses
192
1
Samples Included in These Analyses
193
1
Focus on Unmarried Seniors Living With Parents
193
1
Representativeness of Samples
193
3
Survey Methods
196
1
Questionnaires
196
1
Base-Year Surveys of High-School Seniors
196
1
Follow-Up Surveys of Young Adults
196
1
Validity of Self-Reported Drug-Use Measures
196
1
Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting Changes in Drug Use
197
26
Variables Used in the Regression Analyses
198
3
Dependent Variables: Drug Use Change Scores
198
1
Predictor Variables: Post-High-School Roles and Experiences
199
1
Additional Predictors: Control or Background Factors
200
1
Conventions Followed in Conducting and Reporting Regression Analyses
201
3
Numbers of Cases Specified for Regression Analyses
201
1
Pair-Wise Deletion, Missing Data on Pregnancy
201
1
Dummy Variables and Continuous Variables
202
1
Special Format for Reporting Regression Analyses
202
2
Detailed Guidelines for Interpreting Regression Tables
204
19
Columns 1-5: Analyses Using All Available Cases
204
1
Columns 6-7: Analyses Using the First Two Follow-Ups Only
204
1
Constant
205
1
Coefficients for Predictors Treated as Interval Scales
205
1
Coefficients for Categorical Predictors
206
1
Multiple-R and Multiple-R-Squared Values
206
17
References
223
10
Author Index
233
4
Subject Index
237