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Tables of Contents for The Triunity of God
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
13
17
PART 1. INTRODUCTION
The Doctrine of the Trinity in the Christian Tradition: The Medieval Background
17
42
The Doctrine of the Trinity in the West
17
8
Premises and Issues for Charting Its Development from the Twelfth through the Seventeenth Century
17
1
The trajectory of trinitarian doctrine in relation to issues of continuity and discontinuity in the development of Protestant thought
17
2
Drawing out the Protestant orthodox trinitarian trajectory in relation to its antecedents
19
2
Issues of Scripture and tradition: patristic study, philosophical issues, and the question of norms
21
1
Scholarly Approaches: A Preliminary Survey of Historiography
22
1
The historiographical problem and the general histories of doctrine
22
1
Monographic literature and shorter studies relevant to the later development of the doctrine of the Trinity
23
2
Early Scholastic Examination of the Doctrine of the Trinity: From Anselm to the Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
25
12
Early Scholastic Developments: From Anselm to Abelard
25
1
Roscellin and Anselm on the Trinity: the Synod of Soissons (1092)
25
3
Anselm and the Greeks: the Council of Bari (1098)
28
1
Abelard and the ``conceptualist'' model of the Trinity: the Synods of Soissons (1121) and Sens (1141)
28
2
Gilbert de la Porree and the Synod of Rheims (1148)
30
3
Speculative Development and Conciliar Conclusions, ca. 1150 to 1215
33
1
The trinitarianism of Richard of St. Victor: Augustinianism, mysticism, and the difficulty of defining ``person''
33
2
The heresies of Joachim and the Fourth Lateran Council
35
2
The High and Late Scholastic Development of Trinitarian Doctrine
37
22
The Scholastic Doctors of the Thirteenth Century
37
1
Foundational formulations: William of Auvergne, Alexander of Hales, and Albert the Great
37
3
Bonaventure
40
4
Thomas Aquinas
44
5
The Council of Lyons (1274)
49
1
Late Medieval Developments
50
1
Peter Auriole and Durandus of Sancto Porciano
50
1
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
51
4
The Council of Florence (1438-1442)
55
4
The Doctrine of the Trinity from the Sixteenth to the Early Eighteenth Century
59
84
Scripture and Traditional Trinitarian Language in the Era of the Reformation
59
24
The Reformers from the Time of Luther to the Mid-Sixteenth Century, ca. 1520-1565
59
1
Prologue: the problem of the history of the doctrine of the Trinity in Reformation and post-Reformation Reformed thought
59
3
The doctrine of the Trinity in the thought of the earliest Reformers
62
3
Reappropriation of traditionary norms in the doctrinal treatises of the Reformers
65
9
Antitrinitarianism in the Era of the Reformation
74
1
The sources and context of sixteenth-century antitrinitarianism
74
1
The theology of Michael Servetus
75
1
The ``Italian antitrinitarians''
76
4
In Debate with the Antitrinitarians: Further Developments in Reformation-Era Trinitarianism
80
2
The Trinitarian Orthodoxy of the Reformed Confessions
82
1
Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of the Trinity in the Era of Protestant Orthodoxy
83
37
The Development of the Doctrine of the Trinity in Early Orthodoxy, 1565-1640
83
1
Positive doctrinal developments in the early orthodox era
83
6
Early orthodoxy and the antitrinitarians
89
2
Socinianism in the Seventeenth Century
91
1
Continental developments
91
3
Socinianism and antitrinitarianism in seventeenth-century Britain
94
5
The New Philosophies and the Problem of God-Language
99
4
Orthodox Trinitarian Formulation in the High Orthodox Era, 1640-1685
103
1
The confessional foundation: the Declaration of Thorn and the Westminster Standards
103
1
The continental writers
104
7
Major British thinkers and doctrinal developments
111
9
The Doctrine of the Trinity in the Late Seventeenth and the Early Eighteenth Century
120
23
Perspectives on the Trinitarian Problem in a Time of Transition, 1685-1725
120
1
Trinitarian Debate in Britain
121
1
From Bull's Defense (1685) to The Naked Gospel (1690)
121
2
William Sherlock and the broadening debate
123
6
Renewed debate: Whiston and Clarke on the Trinity
129
6
Patterns of Trinitarian Orthodoxy in the Eighteenth Century
135
1
Changing exegetical perspectives
135
2
Major doctrinal models
137
6
PART 2. THE REFORMED ORTHODOX DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY
The Doctrine of the Trinity in Reformed Orthodoxy: Basic Issues, Terms, and Definitions
143
53
The Trinity as a ``Fundamental Article'' of Faith
143
24
The Place, Order, and Importance of the Doctrine
143
1
Views of the Reformers
143
2
The Reformed orthodox approach to the doctrine of the Trinity
145
3
The order and arrangement of the locus
148
3
The Trinity of God as a Mystery beyond Reason
151
1
Views of the Reformers
151
1
Approaches of the Reformed orthodox
152
2
The practical use of the doctrine of the Trinity
154
3
Rational Argumentation for the Doctrine of the Trinity
157
1
The vestigia trinitatis: Reformed approaches
157
2
Seventeenth-century scholastics and the ancients: partial trinitarian conceptions granted to reason in classical philosophy
159
3
Keckermann, Ainsworth, and Burman on the logic of the divine emanations
162
3
Trinitarian logic, Cartesianism, and reaction in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
165
2
The Terms of Trinitarian Orthodoxy
167
29
Reformed Definition in the Scholastic Era
167
1
Reformed orthodox reception of traditional trinitarian terminology
167
2
Trinitas
169
2
Substantia, essentia, ousia, and related issues
171
4
Homoousios
175
2
Persona
177
5
Hypostasis, subsistentia, and modus subsistendi
182
3
Circumincessio, perichoresis, emperichoresis
185
1
Proprietates, relationes, and notiones
186
3
Trinitarian Distinctions in the Godhead: Between Essence and Persons --- Among the Persons
189
1
The distinction between essence and person --- rational or modal?
189
3
The distinctions between the persons --- modal or real?
192
4
The Trinity of Persons in Their Unity and Distinction: Theology and Exegesis in the Older Reformed Tradition
196
49
The Trinity of Persons according to the Reformers
196
18
The Continuity of Precritical Exegesis and the Biblical Norm: Protestant Trinitarian Formulation and the Interpretation of Scripture
196
1
Shared perspectives: Trinity and pre-critical exegesis
196
1
The Reformers and trinitarian exegesis
197
1
Trinitarian exegesis in the era of orthodoxy
198
1
The Order and Distinction of the Persons: Views of the Reformers
199
1
The Reformers and trinitarian definition: general considerations
199
2
The views of Calvin and Bullinger
201
4
Musculus on the distinction and order of the divine persons
205
2
The Order and Distinction of the Persons: Views of the Reformed Orthodox
207
1
Positive definition among the Reformed orthodox
207
2
Definition over against fundamental objection
209
5
Exegetical Issues and Trajectories: Reformation and Orthodoxy
214
31
The Trinitarian Exegesis of Scripture: Hermeneutical Assumptions
214
1
Exegetical Issues and Trajectories: Old Testament
215
1
Trinity in the Old Testament: issues in debate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
215
2
Divine threeness in the exegesis of the Pentateuch and the historical books
217
5
Trinity in the Writings
222
1
Trinity in the prophetic books
223
3
Exegetical Issues and Trajectories: New Testament
226
1
Reformed exegesis of individual trinitarian texts in the Gospels
226
4
Trinitarian readings in the Epistles
230
4
The Johannine Comma --- trajectories of interpretation
234
5
Trinity in the Revelation
239
6
The Deity and Person of the Father
245
30
God the Father: Exegetical Foundations and Doctrinal Definitions
245
10
God as ``Father'' in Exegesis and Doctrine
245
1
The logic of the locus: individual discussion of the persons
245
1
The exegesis of ``Father'': two implications of the biblical Language
246
3
The personality of the Father
249
3
The Personal Properties of the Father
252
1
God the Father as personally distinct: general issues
252
1
Unbegottenness and aseity
252
2
Primacy
254
1
The Father as Origin and Source: ``Works'' of the Godhead Ad intra and Ad extra
255
20
Views of the Reformers
255
2
The Era of Orthodoxy: Traditionary Understandings
257
1
Divided Ad intra --- undivided Ad extra: the orthodox understanding of ``works'' of the Godhead in general
257
3
The Father's active generation of the Son
260
2
The Father's active spiration, with the Son, of the Holy Ghost
262
1
Personal distinctions in the undivided work ad extra
262
1
Reformed Approaches to Essential and Personal Works of the Trinity Ad intra
263
1
The Father and the works or operations of the Trinity: general considerations
263
2
The eternal decree and the election of Christ
265
1
The love of the Father for the Son and the pactum salutis
266
1
Opera Appropriata: Works Ad extra ``in a Certain Manner'' Personal
267
1
The works ad extra: undivided but trinitarian
267
2
The primacy of the Father in all opera ad extra
269
1
Creation: appropriate to the Father
270
1
Incarnation --- appropriate to and ``terminating on'' the Son
271
2
Regeneration as the proper work of the Spirit
273
2
The Person and Deity of the Son
275
58
The Person and Generation of the Son
275
13
The Personality or Personhood of the Son: Issues and Debate
275
1
Jesus Christ as the only-begotten Son of God
275
3
Sonship and the problem of subordination
278
3
Divine begetting and incarnation: debate over eternity and immutability
281
2
The Eternal Generation of the Son
283
1
Orthodoxy in polemic against the Socinians
283
4
The positive doctrine of the Reformed orthodox
287
1
The Full Deity of the Son
288
36
Exegetical and Doctrinal Argument in the Era of the Reformation
288
1
Calvin on the deity of the Son: the shape of argument in the Institutes
288
3
The divinity of Christ in Calvin's commentaries: select texts
291
6
Christ's divinity according to Musculus and Vermigli
297
2
Grounds of Doctrinal Argument in the Era of the Reformed Orthodoxy
299
1
The deity of the Son: general argumentation
299
2
The divinity of the Son in the interpretation of Scripture: hermeneutical issues
301
1
The Divine Names and Attributes of the Son in Reformed Orthodox Theology
302
1
The name of God: ``Jehovah''
302
3
Lord and God
305
7
Word of God
312
2
The ``Angel of the Lord'' and the divinity of Christ
314
3
Other names and titles
317
1
Arguments for the divinity of Christ from divine attributes accorded to him in Scripture
317
4
Other Grounds for the Divinity of Christ according to the Reformed Orthodox
321
1
Christ's divinity demonstrated ex operis divinis
321
2
Christ's divinity argued from worship and faith
323
1
The Aseitas, or Self-Existence, of the Son
324
9
Views of the Reformers
324
2
The Reformed Orthodox Debate over Aseity
326
1
Early orthodox diversity and debate
326
3
Formulation of the doctrine in high and late orthodoxy
329
4
The Deity and Person of the Holy Spirit
333
49
``Spirit'' and Deity in the Reformed doctrine of God
333
10
Initial Definitions: The Positive Doctrine and the Issues Argued
333
1
The Reformers on the Spirit: definitions, issues, and adversaries
333
1
The Reformed orthodox doctrine of the Spirit --- definition and points of debate
334
1
The Reformers' Views on ``Spirit''
335
3
The Meaning of ``Spirit'' according to the Reformed Orthodox
338
1
``Spirit'': the range of biblical meanings
338
3
The divine ``Spirit'' in the language of the Bible and orthodoxy
341
2
The Personality or Individuality of the Spirit
343
9
Arguments of the Reformers
343
2
The Reformed Orthodox Approach to the Person of the Spirit
345
1
The problem of the personality of the ``Spirit'': objections to the doctrine and Reformed responses
345
3
The names, attributes, and operations of the Spirit
348
2
The distinction of the Spirit from the Father and the Son
350
1
Theophanies and ``personal actions'' of the Spirit
351
1
The Full Deity of the Spirit
352
19
The Divinity of the Spirit in the Teaching of the Reformers
352
1
Reformation-era approaches to the divinity of the Spirit
352
1
Divine names, titles, and attributes given to the Spirit
353
1
Divine works attributed to the Spirit
354
2
The Reformed Orthodox Approach to the Deity of the Spirit
356
1
The framework of argument
356
1
The divine names given to the Spirit
357
4
The divine attributes acknowledged to belong to the Spirit
361
4
The divine works performed by the Spirit
365
2
The divine honor and worship accorded to the Spirit
367
3
The placement of the Spirit at the same divine ``rank and order,'' with the Father and the Son
370
1
Operations of the Spirit Ad intra and Ad extra
371
11
The Ad intra Operation or ``Procession'' of the Spirit
371
1
Processio or εκπoρευσισ defined
371
2
The demonstration of the filioque: ``double procession''
373
3
Procession and the scholastic tradition: Reformed reservations
376
2
The Ad extra ``Sending'' and the Office of the Spirit
378
1
The ``sending'' of the Spirit
378
1
The ``office'' of the Spirit
379
3
Conclusion: The Character of Reformed Orthodoxy
382
165
The Problem of Continuity in the Protestant Theological Tradition
382
15
The Historical Assessment of Reformed Orthodoxy
382
1
Patterns and paradigms of analysis
382
4
Reforming and the Reformed: trajectories from the later Middle Ages to the close of the era of orthodoxy
386
1
Reformed orthodoxy in its confessional breadth and theological diversity: restating issues of continuity and discontinuity
387
4
Aristotelianism, Scholasticism, and the Trajectories of Late Renaissance Philosophy, Logic, and Rhetoric
391
1
Central dogmas, scholasticism, Aristotelianism, and rationalism: toward closure on an old debate
391
3
Patterns and trajectories in the Reformed reception of scholastic models
394
3
The Character of Protestant Scholasticism: Prolegomena and Principia as Indices of Post-Reformation Orthodoxy
397
24
Theological Prolegomena
397
1
The rise of theological prolegomena and the question of continuity, discontinuity, and development
397
3
The example of Ramism
400
1
The prolegomena and the problem of rationalism
401
2
The Doctrine of Scripture and the Continuity of the Interpretive Tradition in Orthodox Protestantism
403
1
Continuity, discontinuity, and the problem of perspective
403
2
Exegetical continuities and developments
405
4
The Doctrine of God in Its Protestant Development
409
1
The Reformed orthodox doctrine of God: rethinking the question
409
1
Exegetical continuities and the issue of dicta probantia
410
2
The issue of natural theology and metaphysics in relation to the doctrine of God
412
2
Essence, attributes, and Trinity --- issues of development, discontinuity, and continuity
414
5
Reformation and Orthodoxy: Final Assessments and Directions
419
2
Bibliography
Primary Sources
421
58
Secondary Sources
479
68
Index
547