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Tables of Contents for The State of Working America 1996-97
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
xi
Executive Summary
3
12
Introduction: The Living Standards Debate
15
2
The Income and Wage Squeeze
17
3
All Pain, No Gain
20
6
The Myths That Say ``It's Not Really Happening''
26
6
The Myths That Identify the Wrong Problem
32
5
DOCUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY
37
380
FAMILY INCOME: Slow Growth, Rising Inequality
41
60
Median Income Grows Slowly in 1980s, Declines in 1989--95
44
3
Young Families Hurt Most
47
2
Income Growth Among Racial/Ethnic Groups
49
1
Only Married Couples Gain
50
2
Growing Inequality of Family Income
52
4
A More Comprehensive Perspective on Income Inequality, 1979--94
56
8
Greater Capital Incomes, Lower Labor Incomes
64
8
The Impact of Demographic Changes on Income
72
4
The Shrinking Middle Class?
76
3
Increased Work by Wives Cushions Income Fall in 1980s, Less So in 1990s
79
15
Falling Behind the Earlier Generations
94
3
Income Mobility
97
4
TAXES: A Further Cause of Rising Inequality
101
30
The Tax Burden: Still Light Overall
102
2
Despite Progressive Changes, an Increase in Regressivity
104
5
The Diminished Progressivity of Federal Tax Rates
109
5
What Federal Tax Changes Mean in Dollars
114
1
The Causes of Changes in the Federal Tax Burden
115
6
Changes in Corporate Taxation: The Shift to Untaxed Profits
121
4
The Shift to State and Local Taxes
125
6
WAGES: Working Longer for Less
131
110
More Hours and Stagnant Wages
133
2
Contrasting Compensation and Wage Growth
135
4
Low-Paid Occupations Fared Worse
139
4
Wage Trends by Wage Level
143
4
The Male-Female Wage Gap
147
2
The Expansion of Low-Wage Jobs
149
7
Benefit Reduction
156
5
Dimensions of Inequality
161
5
What Explains Wage Trends?
166
2
Rising Education Wage Differentials
168
7
Young Workers Have Been Hurt Most
175
3
Decomposing the Growth in Wage Inequality
178
4
School Quality and Tests
182
2
The Shift to Low-Paying Industries
184
6
Trade and Wages
190
8
The Union Dimension
198
6
An Eroded Minimum Wage
204
8
Summarizing the Role of Labor-Market Institutions
212
2
Technology's Impact
214
12
Executive Pay Soars
226
3
Race, Academic Achievement, and Wages
229
4
What Does the Future Hold?
233
8
JOBS: Growing Employment Instability
241
34
Unemployment and Underemployment
242
3
Unemployment and the Earnings Distribution
245
1
Job Growth Slows Since the 1970s
246
3
Declining Job Stability
249
4
Displacement
253
4
Long-Term Growth in Part-Time Work
257
4
More Than One Job
261
4
The Contingent Workforce
265
6
Self-Employment
271
4
WEALTH: More for the Wealthy, Financial Decline and Insecurity for the Majority
275
20
Aggregate Household Wealth: Financial Assets Boomed, Tangibles Failed to Grow
276
2
Wealth Inequality Exceeds Income Gap
278
3
Growing Wealth Inequality
281
6
Who Gains from the Stock Market Boom?
287
6
Soaring Debt
293
2
POVERTY: High Rates Persist Despite Overall Growth
295
52
Background: The Failure of Economic Growth
296
2
Measuring the Extent of Poverty
298
14
Alternative Measurements of Poverty
299
5
The Poor Get Poorer
304
4
Poverty Spells: The Length of Time Spent in Poverty
308
4
The Poverty Status of Different Demographic Groups
312
4
Family Structure and Poverty
316
12
Quantifying the Role of Demographics
319
3
The Poverty of Female-Headed Families
322
6
The Changing Effects of Taxes and Transfers
328
3
Government Benefits and Family Structure: Is There a Welfare Trap?
331
5
Explaining the High Poverty Rates of the 1980s
336
11
Falling Wages and Poverty in the 1980s
336
11
REGIONAL ANALYSIS: Uneven Job Growth, Consistent Wage Losses
347
34
Median Family Income Declines in Most States
348
4
Rising Inequality in Income and Earnings
352
5
Job Growth, but Falling Median Wages
357
13
Poverty Rates Vary Greatly by Region and Area
370
11
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS: The United States is Falling Behind in Productivity and Wage Growth
381
36
Incomes and Productivity: Sluggish Growth in the United States
382
3
Compensation: U.S. Growth Flat or Negative
385
8
Income Inequality
393
3
Wage Inequality
396
5
Poverty
401
5
Comparing Economic Mobility Among Countries
406
3
Job Growth and the Public Commitment to Job Training and Unemployment Compensation
409
8
Appendix A: The Family Income Data Series
417
6
Jared Bernstein
Edith Rasell
Appendix B: Wage Analysis Computations
423
4
David E. Webster
Appendix C: The Measurement of Inflation
427
4
Dean Baker
Table Notes
431
20
Figure Notes
451
4
Bibliography
455
8
Epi Publications
463
3
About Epi
466
1
About the Authors
467